1
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Li X, Yin X, Wang Z, Ba J, Li J, Wang Y. Chirality-enhanced 2D conductive polymer for flexible electronics and chiral sensing applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:323-328. [PMID: 38531277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chiral two-dimensional (2D) conductive polymers, encompassing chiral, 2D, flexible, and conductive properties, constitute a novel class of material that remains largely unexplored. The infusion of chirality into 2D conductive polymers taps into the unique characteristics associated with chirality, presenting opportunities to enhance or tailor the electronic, optical, and structural properties of materials for specific technological applications. In this study, we synthesized a chiral 2D PEDOT:PMo11V nanofilm through interfacial polymerization, effectively integrating a chiral monolayer, conductive polymer, and inorganic cluster. The inclusion of inorganic cluster serves to enhance the conductivity of the resulting chiral nanofilm. Furthermore, we demonstrated the chiral nanofilm as a capable electrochemical sensor for detecting drug enantiomers. The inherent flexibility of the chiral nanofilm also lays the groundwork for the development of chiral flexible/wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiuxiu Yin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zimo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Junjie Ba
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Junpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yizhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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2
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Zhu Y, Wei M, Ma X, Ma H, Chen R, Zhang H, Wang X, Ji J, Xue M. Precisely Controlled Polymerization of Two-Dimensional Conducting Polymers in Quasi-Liquid Layer Enables Ultrahigh Sensing Performance. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400037. [PMID: 38437164 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Gas sensors based on conducting polymers offer great potential for high-performance room temperature applications due to their cost-effectiveness, high-sensitivity, and operational advantage. However, their current performance is limited by the deficiency of control in conventional polymerization methods, leading to poor crystallinity and inconsistent material properties. Here, the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) on the ice surface acts as a self-regulating nano-reactor for precise control of thermodynamics and kinetics in the polymerization, resulting in a 7.62 nm thick two-dimensional (2D) polyaniline (PANI) film matching the QLL thickness. The ultra-thin film optimizes the exposure of active sites, enhancing the detection of analyte gases at low concentrations. It is validated by fabricating a chemiresistive gas sensor with the 2D PANI film, demonstrating stable room-temperature detection of ammonia down to 10 ppt in ambient air with an impressive 10% response. This achievement represents the highest sensitivity among sensors of this kind while maintaining excellent selectivity and repeatability. Moreover, the QLL-controlled polymerization strategy offers an alternative route for precise control of the polymerization process for conducting polymers, enabling the creation of advanced materials with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengzhen Wei
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinlei Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ruoqi Chen
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junhui Ji
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mianqi Xue
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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3
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Lin Y, Mao J, Fan Q, Wang J. Fabricating multi-scale controllable PEDOT:PSS arrays via templated freezing assembly. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2394-2399. [PMID: 38376846 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) into controllable hierarchical arrays is gaining increasing interest for various applications, e.g., bioelectronics, and regenerative medicine. Currently, solution-based print processing is the main methodology for fabricating PEDOT:PSS arrays. However, its constraints on crystallinity and polymer chain orientation often necessitate intricate post-processing procedures to enhance their material properties. Here, we report the precise control in the assembly of PEDOT:PSS to have customized arrays via a templated freezing assembly strategy (TFA). We can prepare centimeter-scale PEDOT:PSS patterns with tunable micro-morphology, nanofiber width, crystallinity, and polymer chain orientation. Importantly, the refined micro-morphologies endow good stretchability to the obtained arrays, and regulated crystallinity and polymer chain orientation directly lead to adjustable conductivity, ranging from 10-3 S cm-1 to 100 S cm-1. This strategy provides a novel avenue for fabricating conductive polymers into tailored electric devices, suggesting potential applications in flexible electronic devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Junqiang Mao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Qingrui Fan
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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4
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Nguyen AQK, Kim K, Ahn YY, Kim M, Kim G, Lee JT, Kim S, Kim J. Ice-templated synthesis of tungsten oxide nanosheets and their application in arsenite oxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161104. [PMID: 36586697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten oxide (WO3) nanosheets were prepared as catalysts to activate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in arsenite (As(III)) oxidation. Ice particles were employed as templates to synthesize the WO3 nanosheets, enabling easy template removal via melting. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that the obtained WO3 nanosheets were plate-like, with lateral sizes ranging from dozens of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers and thicknesses of <10 nm. Compared to that of the WO3 nanoparticle/H2O2 system, a higher efficiency of As(III) oxidation was observed in the WO3 nanosheet/H2O2 system. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, radical quenching studies, and As(III) oxidation experiments under anoxic conditions suggested that the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2●) acted as the primary oxidant. The WO3 nanosheets possessed numerous surface hydroxyl groups and electrophilic metal centers, enhancing the production of HO2● via H2O2 activation. Various anions commonly present in As(III)-contaminated water exhibited little effect on As(III) oxidation in the WO3 nanosheet/H2O2 system. The high oxidation efficiency was maintained by adding H2O2 when it was depleted, suggesting that the catalytic activity of the WO3 nanosheets did not deteriorate after multiple catalytic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Khuong Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yoon Ahn
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Kim
- Division of Energy Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Gonu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Busan 47162, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonhyun Kim
- Division of Energy Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Puthiyottil N, Kanakkayil S, Pillai NP, Rajan A, Parambath SK, Krishnamurthy RG, Chatanathodi R, Menamparambath MM. In situ engineering of Au-Ag alloy embedded PEDOT nanohybrids at a solvent/non-solvent interface for the electrochemical enzyme-free detection of histamine. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1144-1158. [PMID: 36645247 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02637f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Steadfast efforts have been made to develop novel materials and incorporate them into functional devices for practical applications, pushing the research on electroactive materials to the forefront of nano electronics. Liquid/liquid interface-assisted polymerization offers a scalable methodology to fabricate hybrid materials with multifunctional applications, in contrast to the conventional and ubiquitous routes. Here, we explored this efficient and versatile approach toward the in situ tailoring of Au-Ag alloy nanostructures with a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT). With the appropriate choice of organic and inorganic phases for the distribution of monomer and oxidant, the miscibility restraints of the reactants in a single phase were alleviated. Effective nanostructure tuning of highly crystalline and electroactive PEDOT/Au-Ag alloy has been achieved by varying the molar ratio of Au3+/Ag+ in the reaction mixture. The as-synthesized composite is further explored to detect neuromodulator histamine (HA), which displays high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 nM, and selectivity even in the presence of various interfering analogs of 10-fold concentration. Subsequently, density functional theory (DFT) simulations are employed to assess the mode of interaction between HA and the electroactive surfaces. The competency to detect HA in preserved food entails its potential in food spoilage monitoring. Furthermore, the detection of histamine generated by sub-cultured human neuronal cells SH-SY5Y proves its practical viability in health monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesleena Puthiyottil
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Sameena Kanakkayil
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Neeraja P Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Anju Rajan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Raghu Chatanathodi
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India
| | - Mini Mol Menamparambath
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India.
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6
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Chondath SK, Sreekala APK, Farzeena C, Varanakkottu SN, Menamparambath MM. Interfacial tension driven adsorption of MnO 2 nanoparticles at the liquid/liquid interface to tailor ultra-thin polypyrrole sheets. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11197-11209. [PMID: 35900017 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02130g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An emerging aspect of research is designing and developing fully tunable metamaterials for various applications with fluid interfaces. Liquid/liquid interface-assisted methods represent an efficient and facile route for synthesizing two-dimensional (2-D) thin films of potential materials. The underlying mechanism behind thin film formation at the liquid/liquid interface involves the preferential adsorption of nano-sized particles at the interface to minimize high interfacial tension. Here, a water/chloroform interface-assisted method is employed for the one-pot synthesis of highly crystalline polypyrrole/manganese dioxide (PPy/MnO2) sheets. The temporal evolution in the dynamic interfacial tension (from 32 mN m-1 to 17 mN m-1) observed in pendant drop tensiometry proved the preferential adsorption of MnO2 atttached PPy oligomers at the water/chloroform interface. An ultra-thin sheet-like morphology and uniform distribution of ∼6 nm highly crystalline MnO2 nanoparticles are evidenced by transmission and atomic force microscopy techniques. The predominance of interfacial polymerization in retaining the electrochemical activity of the PPy/MnO2 sheets is elucidated for the electrochemical detection of nicotine. This study opens a new avenue for the realization of ultra-thin sheets of polymer-nanomaterial hybrids, enabling applications ranging from new classes of sensors to optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Kaladi Chondath
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Chalikkara Farzeena
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India
| | | | - Mini Mol Menamparambath
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India.
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7
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Zhu C, Xu Y, Chen Q, Zhao H, Gao B, Zhang T. A flexible electrochemical biosensor based on functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) film to detect lactate in sweat of the human body. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 617:454-462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Xu X, Sun Y, Zhang M, Zhao R, Zeng S, Xu Y, Nie W, Zhou Y, Chen P. Boosting the visible-light-driven photocatalytic antibacterial performance of MoS 2 nanosheets by poly(3-(4-methyl-3'-thiophenoxy))propyltrimethylammonium chloride (PThM) modification. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:4405-4415. [PMID: 35587685 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00397j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been reported to possess photocatalytic bactericidal ability, but its efficiency is not high. In this paper, a water-soluble cationic conjugated polymer, poly(3-(4-methyl-3'-thiophenoxy))propyltrimethylammonium chloride (PThM), was designed to modify MoS2 and boost its antibacterial abilities. Another hydrophobic conjugated polymer, polythiophene (PTh), was synthesized and composited with MoS2, and this was compared with PThM/MoS2 from the perspective of composite effectiveness. Studies involving the photo-disinfection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) under visible-light irradiation (30 W) showed that the antibacterial efficiencies were in the following order: PThM/MoS2 > PTh/MoS2 > MoS2. The enhanced bactericidal activities of PThM/MoS2 and PTh/MoS2 were attributed to the conjugated polymers restraining the recombination of photogenerated carriers in MoS2, thereby increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PThM/MoS2 presented the best antibacterial efficiency because its cationic side-chains improved the solubility of the material and promoted contact between bacteria and the material. This work may provide some insights into the design of practical nano-antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Yuansong Sun
- Department of Emergency Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Wangyan Nie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Pengpeng Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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9
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Barpuzary D, Ham H, Park D, Kim K, Park MJ. Smart Bioinspired Actuators: Crawling, Linear, and Bending Motions through a Multilayer Design. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50381-50391. [PMID: 34657431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill the insatiable demand for wearable technologies, ionic electroactive polymer actuators have been entrenched as promising candidates that can convert low-input-voltage energy into high mechanical throughput. However, a ubiquitous trilayer design of actuators allows exclusively bending deformation and their highly nonlinear response restricts the true potential of low-voltage actuators for next-generation technology. Herein, we report an unprecedented multilayer design for soft actuators that enables complex deformations shown by skeletal muscles, mechanoreceptors, and plant roots in response to various environmental stimuli. Hierarchically ordered pores in a stretchable interlayer provide excellent electromechanical properties and fast charging kinetics, which enable linear motion by soft actuators at 3 V and under ambient conditions. Our actuators demonstrate astonishing levels of performance, including a 6.5% linear actuation strain, 0.8 s rapid switching speed, and 5000 cycle stable performance in air, producing a 4.2 mN linear blocking force at a ±3 V alternating square-wave voltage. This actuator design demonstrating a walkable spider capable of controlled back-and-forth propelling motion at low driving voltages provides the platform to envision a complex functionality using a portable battery as a power source for soft robotics, wearable exosuits, and biomimetic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Barpuzary
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseong Ham
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kim K, Kim B, Kim K, Park MJ. Ten-Minute Synthesis of Highly Conductive Polymer Nanosheets on Ice Surfaces: Role of Ice Crystallinity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100565. [PMID: 34617642 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers have been studied widely over the past decades for use as organic electrode materials owing to their high electrical conductivity and low-cost synthesis. Among the various synthesis methods reported, the recently established ice-assisted approach for developing conducting polymer nanosheets is regarded as an advanced technology that allows for easy fabrication in an eco-friendly manner. However, the role of the crystallinity of the underlying ice surface in determining the physicochemical properties of the conducting polymers remains unclear. Here, the electronic properties and packing structures of polyaniline (PANI) nanosheets formed on ice surfaces are studied by controlling the ice crystallinity. Intriguingly, the crystallinity of the PANI nanosheets resembles that of the ice surfaces, in that the anisotropic growth of the PANI crystals with a face-on orientation occurs preferentially on high-crystalline ice surfaces. In addition, it is found that the development of highly crystalline PANI nanosheets results in efficient charge transport, owing to polaron delocalization in PANI with extended chain conformations and the improvement in the degree of backbone ordering because of the preorganized aniline moieties on the ice surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhang J, Fan X, Meng X, Zhou J, Wang M, Chen S, Cao Y, Chen Y, Bielawski CW, Geng J. Ice-Templated Large-Scale Preparation of Two-Dimensional Sheets of Conjugated Polymers: Thickness-Independent Flexible Supercapacitance. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8870-8882. [PMID: 33969991 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) organic materials hold great promise for use in a multitude of contemporary applications due to their outstanding chemical and physical properties. Herein, 2D sheets of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) are prepared from a commercially available PEDOT:PSS suspension using ice as a template. The 2D PEDOT:PSS sheets grow in the boundaries of ice crystals as the polymers are "squeezed" out of the suspension when the water solidifies. The mechanical robustness of the sheets can be enhanced by incorporating WO3 nanowires, and the PSS component can be conveniently removed with a concentrated solution of H2SO4 to afford stable suspensions of PEDOT or WO3@PEDOT sheets, either of which can be converted into flexible films with tunable thicknesses via filtration. Swagelok- or pouch-type supercapacitor devices prepared from the WO3@PEDOT films exhibit outstanding energy-storage characteristics, including high rate capability, thickness-independent energy storage (e.g., 701 mF cm-2 is achieved with a 1-mm-thick film), high resistance toward mechanical deformation, and good cycling stability. Additionally, a high energy density of 0.083 mWh cm-2 is measured for a device prepared using a 1-mm-thick film at a high power density of 10 mW cm-2. The methodology described establishes an efficient and readily scalable approach for accessing 2D organic sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaodong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Manyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yawen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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12
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Manzhos S, Chueh CC, Giorgi G, Kubo T, Saianand G, Lüder J, Sonar P, Ihara M. Materials Design and Optimization for Next-Generation Solar Cell and Light-Emitting Technologies. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4638-4657. [PMID: 33974435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We review some of the most potent directions in the design of materials for next-generation solar cell and light-emitting technologies that go beyond traditional solid-state inorganic semiconductor-based devices, from both the experimental and computational standpoints. We focus on selected recent conceptual advances in tackling issues which are expected to significantly impact applied literature in the coming years. Specifically, we consider solution processability, design of dopant-free charge transport materials, two-dimensional conjugated polymeric semiconductors, and colloidal quantum dot assemblies in the fields of experimental synthesis, characterization, and device fabrication. Key modeling issues that we consider are calculations of optical properties and of effects of aggregation, including recent advances in methods beyond linear-response time-dependent density functional theory and recent insights into the effects of correlation when going beyond the single-particle ansatz as well as in the context of modeling of thermally activated fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Manzhos
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Giacomo Giorgi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering (DICA), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- CNR-SCITEC, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Takaya Kubo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Gopalan Saianand
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4001 Brisbane, Australia
- Global Center for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Johann Lüder
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, 80424, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan R.O.C
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, 80424, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4001 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Manabu Ihara
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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13
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Chondath SK, Menamparambath MM. Interface-assisted synthesis: a gateway to effective nanostructure tuning of conducting polymers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:918-941. [PMID: 36133281 PMCID: PMC9419666 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The interface-assisted polymerization technique can be viewed as a powerful emerging tool for the synthesis of conducting polymers (CPs) on a large scale. Contrary to other bulk or single-phase polymerization techniques, interface-assisted synthesis strategies offer effective nanostructure control in a confined two-dimensional (2-D) space. This review focuses on the types of interfaces, mechanism at the interface, advantages and future perspectives of the interfacial polymerization in comparison to conventional polymerization techniques. Hence, the primary focus is on briefing the different types of the chemical methods of polymerization, followed by uniqueness in the reaction dynamics of interface polymerization. The classification of interfaces into four types (liquid/solid, gas/liquid, liquid/liquid, and gas/solid) is based on the versatility and underlying mechanistic pathway of the polymerization of each type. The role of interface in tuning the nanostructure of CPs and the performance evaluation of pristine CPs based on the electrical conductivity are also discussed. Finally, the future outlook of this emerging field is discussed and proposed in detail through some multifunctional applications of synthesized conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Kaladi Chondath
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut Calicut 673601 Kerala India
| | - Mini Mol Menamparambath
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut Calicut 673601 Kerala India
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14
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Two-dimensional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanosheets for highly electrochemical detection of iodide ions. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1144:122-129. [PMID: 33453789 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials-modified electrodes are good candidates for electrochemical sensing because of their unique ultrathin sheet-like structure and distinctive electrical property. In this work, we have developed a facile sacrificial template-directed mild polymerization process to prepare 2D poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanosheets. During the polymerization process, V2O5·nH2O nanosheets are used as both sacrificial templates and oxidants, which can not only guide the production of PEDOT nanosheets, but also spontaneously be removed after the reaction. We have demonstrated the usage of the 2D PEDOT nanosheets for electrochemical sensing of iodide ions. The proposed sensor delivers a low detection limit of 0.313 μM (S/N = 3) with a linear range of 1.0-20 μM. Furthermore, the 2D PEDOT-based sensor shows an exciting reproducibility, stability and selectivity for the detection of iodide ions, which can be feasibly applied for the detection in real samples. This study provides a facile route to fabricate 2D conducting polymer-based nanomaterials for efficient electrochemical sensing application.
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15
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Kim K, Park MJ. Ice-assisted synthesis of functional nanomaterials: the use of quasi-liquid layers as nanoreactors and reaction accelerators. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14320-14338. [PMID: 32458875 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of peculiar quasi-liquid layers on ice surfaces marks a major breakthrough in ice-related sciences, as the facile tuning of the reactions and morphologies of substances in contact with these layers make ice-assisted chemistry a low-cost, environmentally benign, and ubiquitous methodology for the synthesis of nanomaterials with improved functionality. Ice-templated synthesis of porous materials offers the appealing features of rapid self-organization and remarkable property changes arising from confinement effects and affords materials that have found a diverse range of applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, and gas separation. Moreover, much attention has been drawn to the acceleration of chemical reactions and transformations on the ice surface due to the freeze concentration effect, fast self-diffusion of surface water, and modulated surface potential energy. Some of these results are related to the accumulation of inorganic contaminants in glaciers and the blockage of natural gas pipelines. As an emerging theme in nanomaterial design, the dimension-controlled synthesis of hybrid materials with unprecedentedly enhanced properties on ice surfaces has attracted much interest. However, a deep understanding of quasi-liquid layer characteristics (and hence, the development of cutting-edge analytical technologies with high surface sensitivity) is required to achieve the current goal of ice-assisted chemistry, namely the preparation of tailor-made materials with the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784.
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784.
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16
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Xue F, Jin XZ, Wang WY, Qi XD, Yang JH, Wang Y. Melamine foam and cellulose nanofiber co-mediated assembly of graphene nanoplatelets to construct three-dimensional networks towards advanced phase change materials. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:4005-4017. [PMID: 32016265 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10696k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic phase change materials (OPCMs) play a great role in energy management owing to their large phase change enthalpy, but their intrinsic low thermal conductivity (TC) and bad encapsulation severely restrict their applications. To overcome these problems, we developed a novel but feasible method to fabricate a graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) aerogel with compact and oriented stacking in-plane walls and many through-plane bridges via melamine foam (MF) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) co-mediated assembly of GNPs. After impregnating paraffin wax (PW), the composite PCMs exhibit a high TC of 1.42 W m-1 K-1 at only a GNP content of 4.1 wt%, increasing by 407% compared with pure PW, and simultaneously nearly no reduction of the phase change enthalpy of PW. Meanwhile, this kind of composite PCM can not only show excellent light-to-thermal and electric-to-thermal transition ability, but also be applied in delay switch devices with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Xin-Zheng Jin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Wen-Yan Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Qi
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Jing-Hui Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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17
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Cheng M, Li M. A C-N Coupling Polymerization on Ice-Surface towards Decimeter-Sized 2D Covalent Materials with High Catalytic Activity for Water-Splitting. Chemistry 2019; 25:13860-13864. [PMID: 31420896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared to other solid templates (metal, ceramic, carbon, etc.), polymerization on ice-surface has many advantages. However, the popularity of this method has been impeded by the lack of appropriate polymerization reactions. To date, only few oxidation polymerizations have been reported to occur on ice-surface, and unfortunately they can only produce supramolecular films rather than fully covalent films. Herein for the first time, 2D covalent materials have been created on ice-surface even at -16 °C through a C-N coupling polymerization, and two free-standing 2D polyarylamines (2DPA)s were synthesized. Both 2DPAs have decimeter-size and nanometer thickness. This study provides the first polymerization reaction to synthesize 2D covalent materials on ice-surface, which can be used to fabricate materials/tools/robots with specific 2D structure by copying ice morphologies. Furthermore, both 2DPAs exhibit higher hydrogen evolution reaction activity than many metal-free catalysts and even some metal-based catalysts, so this study also provides further insight for the development of metal-free catalysts for water-splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic, Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for, the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic, Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for, the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
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18
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Wang J, Lv W, Wu J, Li H, Li F. Electropolymerization-Induced Positively Charged Phenothiazine Polymer Photoelectrode for Highly Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Biosensing. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13831-13837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Lv
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyin Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Zhang T, Qi H, Liao Z, Horev YD, Panes-Ruiz LA, Petkov PS, Zhang Z, Shivhare R, Zhang P, Liu K, Bezugly V, Liu S, Zheng Z, Mannsfeld S, Heine T, Cuniberti G, Haick H, Zschech E, Kaiser U, Dong R, Feng X. Engineering crystalline quasi-two-dimensional polyaniline thin film with enhanced electrical and chemiresistive sensing performances. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4225. [PMID: 31548543 PMCID: PMC6757049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering conducting polymer thin films with morphological homogeneity and long-range molecular ordering is intriguing to achieve high-performance organic electronics. Polyaniline (PANI) has attracted considerable interest due to its appealing electrical conductivity and diverse chemistry. However, the synthesis of large-area PANI thin film and the control of its crystallinity and thickness remain challenging because of the complex intermolecular interactions of aniline oligomers. Here we report a facile route combining air-water interface and surfactant monolayer as templates to synthesize crystalline quasi-two-dimensional (q2D) PANI with lateral size ~50 cm2 and tunable thickness (2.6-30 nm). The achieved q2D PANI exhibits anisotropic charge transport and a lateral conductivity up to 160 S cm-1 doped by hydrogen chloride (HCl). Moreover, the q2D PANI displays superior chemiresistive sensing toward ammonia (30 ppb), and volatile organic compounds (10 ppm). Our work highlights the q2D PANI as promising electroactive materials for thin-film organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhongquan Liao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), Maria-Reiche-Strasse 2, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yehu David Horev
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000003, Israel
| | - Luis Antonio Panes-Ruiz
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Petko St Petkov
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Sofia, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rishi Shivhare
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kejun Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Viktor Bezugly
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000003, Israel
| | - Ehrenfried Zschech
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), Maria-Reiche-Strasse 2, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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