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Yao W, Liao K, Lai T, Sul H, Manthiram A. Rechargeable Metal-Sulfur Batteries: Key Materials to Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4935-5118. [PMID: 38598693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable metal-sulfur batteries are considered promising candidates for energy storage due to their high energy density along with high natural abundance and low cost of raw materials. However, they could not yet be practically implemented due to several key challenges: (i) poor conductivity of sulfur and the discharge product metal sulfide, causing sluggish redox kinetics, (ii) polysulfide shuttling, and (iii) parasitic side reactions between the electrolyte and the metal anode. To overcome these obstacles, numerous strategies have been explored, including modifications to the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and binder. In this review, the fundamental principles and challenges of metal-sulfur batteries are first discussed. Second, the latest research on metal-sulfur batteries is presented and discussed, covering their material design, synthesis methods, and electrochemical performances. Third, emerging advanced characterization techniques that reveal the working mechanisms of metal-sulfur batteries are highlighted. Finally, the possible future research directions for the practical applications of metal-sulfur batteries are discussed. This comprehensive review aims to provide experimental strategies and theoretical guidance for designing and understanding the intricacies of metal-sulfur batteries; thus, it can illuminate promising pathways for progressing high-energy-density metal-sulfur battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Yao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kameron Liao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tianxing Lai
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyunki Sul
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Arumugam Manthiram
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Zhang S, Kong Y, Gu Y, Bai R, Li M, Zhao S, Ma M, Li Z, Zeng L, Qiu D, Zhang Q, Luo M, Gu L, Yu Y, Guo S, Zhang J. Strong d-π Orbital Coupling of Co-C 4 Atomic Sites on Graphdiyne Boosts Potassium-Sulfur Battery Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4433-4443. [PMID: 38329948 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Potassium-sulfur (K-S) batteries are severely limited by the sluggish kinetics of the solid-phase conversion of K2S3/K2S2 to K2S, the rate-determining and performance-governing step, which urgently requires a cathode with facilitated sulfur accommodation and improved catalytic efficiency. To this end, we leverage the orbital-coupling approach and herein report a strong d-π coupling catalytic configuration of single-atom Co anchored between two alkynyls of graphdiyne (Co-GDY). The d-π orbital coupling of the Co-C4 moiety fully redistributes electrons two-dimensionally across the GDY, and as a result, drastically accelerates the solid-phase K2S3/K2S2 to K2S conversion and enhances the adsorption of sulfur species. Applied as the cathode, the S/Co-GDY delivered a record-high rate performance of 496.0 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 in K-S batteries. In situ and ex situ characterizations coupling density functional theory (DFT) calculations rationalize how the strong d-π orbital coupling of Co-C4 configuration promotes the reversible solid-state transformation kinetics of potassium polysulfide for high-performance K-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ya Kong
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruilin Bai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Menggang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuoqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingze Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lingyou Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daping Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Zhou E, Luo X, Jin H, Wang C, Lu Z, Xie Y, Zhou S, Chen Y, He Z, Ma R, Zhang W, Xie H, Jiao S, Lin Y, Bin DS, Huang R, Wu X, Kong X, Ji H. Breaking Low-Strain and Deep-Potassiation Trade-Off in Alloy Anodes via Bonding Modulation for High-Performance K-Ion Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4752-4761. [PMID: 38334447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Alloy anode materials have garnered unprecedented attention for potassium storage due to their high theoretical capacity. However, the substantial structural strain associated with deep potassiation results in serious electrode fragmentation and inadequate K-alloying reactions. Effectively reconciling the trade-off between low-strain and deep-potassiation in alloy anodes poses a considerable challenge due to the larger size of K-ions compared to Li/Na-ions. In this study, we propose a chemical bonding modulation strategy through single-atom modification to address the volume expansion of alloy anodes during potassiation. Using black phosphorus (BP) as a representative and generalizing to other alloy anodes, we established a robust P-S covalent bonding network via sulfur doping. This network exhibits sustained stability across discharge-charge cycles, elevating the modulus of K-P compounds by 74%, effectively withstanding the high strain induced by the potassiation process. Additionally, the bonding modulation reduces the formation energies of potassium phosphides, facilitating a deeper potassiation of the BP anode. As a result, the modified BP anode exhibits a high reversible capacity and extended operational lifespan, coupled with a high areal capacity. This work introduces a new perspective on overcoming the trade-off between low-strain and deep-potassiation in alloy anodes for the development of high-energy and stable potassium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongchang Jin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiyu Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuansen Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Ningde Amperex Technology Limited (ATL), Ningde 352100, China
| | - Shaoyun Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Ningde Amperex Technology Limited (ATL), Ningde 352100, China
| | - Yawei Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zixu He
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruoxuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huanyu Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuhong Jiao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - De-Shan Bin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (NANO-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xianghua Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hengxing Ji
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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4
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Gao P, Zhang F, Wang X, Wu M, Xiang Q, Yang A, Sun Y, Guo J, Huang Y. Ultrastable Dendrite-Free Potassium Metal Batteries Enabled by Weakly-Solvated Electrolyte. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20325-20333. [PMID: 37830495 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) metal is considered one of the most promising anodes for potassium metal batteries (PMBs) because of its abundant and low-cost advantages but suffers from serious dendritic growth and parasitic reactions, resulting in poor cyclability, low Coulombic efficiency (CE), and safety concerns. In this work, we report a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) consisting of potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) in a cosolvent of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and 1,1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) to solve the problems of PMBs. TTE as a diluent not only endows LHCE with advantages of low viscosity, good wettability, and improved conductivity but also solves the dendrite problem pertaining to K metal anodes. Using the formulation of LHCE, a CE of 98% during 800 cycles in the K||Cu cell and extremely stable cycling of over 2000 h in the K||K symmetric cell are achieved at a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2. In addition, the LHCE shows good compatibility with a Prussian Blue cathode, allowing almost 99% CE for the K||KFeIIFeIII(CN)6 full cell during 100 cycles. This promising electrolyte design realizes high-safety and energy-dense PMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Aikai Yang
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ying Sun
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Key Laboratory of Improvised Explosive Chemicals for State Market Regulation, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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5
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Qiu D, Zhang B, Zhang T, Shen T, Zhao Z, Hou Y. Sulfur-Doped Carbon for Potassium-Ion Battery Anode: Insight into the Doping and Potassium Storage Mechanism of Sulfur. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21443-21451. [PMID: 36484831 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur doping strategy has been attracting extensive interest in potassium-ion battery carbon anodes for the dual potential of improving the capacity and kinetics of carbon anodes. Understanding the doping and potassium storage mechanism of sulfur is crucial to guide the structural design and optimization of high-performance sulfur-doped carbon anodes. Herein, presenting a laboratory-synthesized sulfur-doped hard carbon (SHC) with a sulfur content of 6.4 at. % as an example, we clarify the sulfur doping mechanism and reveal the role of sulfur in potassium storage. The high sulfur content of SHC stems from the selective substitution of sulfur for carbon and the residual trace of sulfur molecular fragments after sulfurization. As a result, thanks to the multifaceted roles of doped sulfur in potassium storage, about twice as much capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability is achieved for SHC against S-free hard carbon at the same test conditions. Furthermore, potassium-ion hybrid capacitors assembled based on an SHC anode demonstrate high energy/power density (139 Wh kg-1/7.3 kW kg-1), along with an extraordinary cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daping Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijing Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanglong Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Liang J, Song W, Wang H, Ding J, Hu W. Porosity Engineering towards Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Host Enables Ultrahigh Capacity Sulfur Cathode for Room Temperature Potassium-Sulfur Batteries. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3968. [PMID: 36432254 PMCID: PMC9696911 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Potassium-sulfur batteries (KSBs) are regarded as a promising large-scale energy storage technology, owing to the high theoretical specific capacity and intrinsically low cost. However, the commercialization of KSBs is hampered by the low sulfur utilization and notorious shuttle effect. Herein, we employ a porosity engineering strategy to design nitrogen-rich carbon foam as an efficient sulfur host. The tremendous micropores magnify the chemical interaction between sulfur species and the polar nitrogen functionalities decorated carbon surface, which significantly improve the sulfur utilization and conversion. Meanwhile, the abundant mesopores provide ample spaces, accommodating the large volume changes of sulfur upon reversible potassation. Resultantly, the constructed sulfur cathode delivers an ultrahigh initial reversible capacity of 1470 mAh g-1 (87.76% of theoretical capacity) and a superior rate capacity of 560 mAh g-1 at 2 C. Reaching the K2S phase in potassiation is the essential reason for obtaining the ultrahigh capacity. Nonetheless, systematic kinetics analyses demonstrate that the K2S involved depotassiation deteriorates the charge kinetics. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that the nitrogen-rich micropore surface facilitated the sulfur reduction for K2S but created a higher energy barrier for the K2S decomposition, which explained the discrepancy in kinetics modification effect produced by the porosity engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wanqing Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haozhi Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Jia Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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7
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Hao H, Hutter T, Boyce BL, Watt J, Liu P, Mitlin D. Review of Multifunctional Separators: Stabilizing the Cathode and the Anode for Alkali (Li, Na, and K) Metal-Sulfur and Selenium Batteries. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8053-8125. [PMID: 35349271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alkali metal batteries based on lithium, sodium, and potassium anodes and sulfur-based cathodes are regarded as key for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy and potential cost effectiveness. However, metal-sulfur batteries remain challenged by several factors, including polysulfides' (PSs) dissolution, sluggish sulfur redox kinetics at the cathode, and metallic dendrite growth at the anode. Functional separators and interlayers are an innovative approach to remedying these drawbacks. Here we critically review the state-of-the-art in separators/interlayers for cathode and anode protection, covering the Li-S and the emerging Na-S and K-S systems. The approaches for improving electrochemical performance may be categorized as one or a combination of the following: Immobilization of polysulfides (cathode); catalyzing sulfur redox kinetics (cathode); introduction of protective layers to serve as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) (anode); and combined improvement in electrolyte wetting and homogenization of ion flux (anode and cathode). It is demonstrated that while the advances in Li-S are relatively mature, less progress has been made with Na-S and K-S due to the more challenging redox chemistry at the cathode and increased electrochemical instability at the anode. Throughout these sections there is a complementary discussion of functional separators for emerging alkali metal systems based on metal-selenium and the metal-selenium sulfide. The focus then shifts to interlayers and artificial SEI/cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layers employed to stabilize solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) in metal-sulfur solid-state batteries (SSBs). The discussion of SSEs focuses on inorganic electrolytes based on Li- and Na-based oxides and sulfides but also touches on some hybrid systems with an inorganic matrix and a minority polymer phase. The review then moves to practical considerations for functional separators, including scaleup issues and Li-S technoeconomics. The review concludes with an outlook section, where we discuss emerging mechanics, spectroscopy, and advanced electron microscopy (e.g. cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB))-based approaches for analysis of functional separator structure-battery electrochemical performance interrelations. Throughout the review we identify the outstanding open scientific and technological questions while providing recommendations for future research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Hao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tanya Hutter
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brad L Boyce
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110, United States
| | - John Watt
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David Mitlin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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8
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Han M, Jiang J, Lu S, Jiang Y, Ma W, Liu X, Zhao B, Zhang J. Moderate Specific Surface Areas Help Three-Dimensional Frameworks Achieve Dendrite-Free Potassium-Metal Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:900-909. [PMID: 34958195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable problem of dendrites growth has hampered the further development of K metal anodes. Constructing a three-dimensional anode framework and potassiophilic nanocoating is an effective way to enlarge the specific surface area, reduce the local current density, and inhibit the formation of K dendrites. However, the effects of the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the framework on deposition behavior have not been clarified. Hence, SnS2 nanosheets with different sizes are loaded on the surface of carbon paper (SnS2@CP) to improve the potassiophilicity and realize dendrite-free K-metal anodes. Experiments reveal that the size of SnS2 nanosheets would determine the ECSA of the framework, while the ECSA reveals the relative sizes of specific surface areas of frameworks. Excessive or limited specific surface areas will cause morphological collapse or weak potassiophilicity during potassiation, respectively, thus leading to high nucleation overpotential. The moderate specific surface area and abundant and stable potassiophilic sites prompt the SnS2@CP framework to achieve uniform electrodeposition of K. A low nucleation overpotential of 11.2 mV and a cycle life of more than 800 h are exhibited at a current density of 0.25 mA cm-2, indicating the directional strategy for stable and safe K metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Han
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinlong Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shangying Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wencheng Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiujun Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Wu Z, Manaig D, Freschi DJ, Wang Z, Liu J. Enhanced Potassium Storage Performance for K-Te Batteries via Electrode Design and Electrolyte Salt Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16345-16354. [PMID: 33787196 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potassium batteries are an emerging energy storage technology due to the large abundance of potassium, low cost, and potentially high energy density. However, it remains challenging to find suitable electrode materials with high energy density and good cycling stability due to the structural instability and kinetics issues resulting from large size K+. Herein, a durable and high-capacity K-Te battery was developed by rational design of a Te/C electrode and electrolyte salt chemistry. A well-confined Te/C cathode structure was prepared by using a commercially available activated carbon as the Te host via a melt-diffusion method. Compared to bulky Te, the confined Te/C electrode exhibited greatly improved cycling stability, specific capacity, and rate capability in K-Te batteries. Moreover, it was found that the electrolyte salts (KPF6 and KFSI) had significant impacts on the electrochemical performance of K-Te batteries. The Te/C electrode in the KPF6-based carbonate electrolyte exhibited higher specific capacity and better rate performance than the Te/C electrode in the KFSI-based one. Mechanism studies revealed that the KPF6 salt resulted in an organic species-rich solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the Te/C electrode, allowing for fast electron transfer and K-ion diffusion and enhanced K-ion storage performance in K-Te batteries. In contrast, KFSI salt led to the formation of KF-rich SEI layers, which had much higher resistances for electron and K-ion transport and was less effective for the well-confined Te/C electrode. Our work finds that the Te electrode and electrolyte chemistry need to be simultaneously optimized and tailored toward K-ion storage in K-Te batteries. It is expected that the finding reported herein might be inspirable for the future development of K-chalcogen (S/Se/Te) batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 West-Da Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhenrui Wu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Dan Manaig
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Fenix Advanced Materials, 2950 Highway Drive, Trail, BC V1R 2T3, Canada
| | - Donald J Freschi
- Fenix Advanced Materials, 2950 Highway Drive, Trail, BC V1R 2T3, Canada
| | - Zhenbo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 West-Da Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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10
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Wang Y, Chu F, Zeng J, Wang Q, Naren T, Li Y, Cheng Y, Lei Y, Wu F. Single Atom Catalysts for Fuel Cells and Rechargeable Batteries: Principles, Advances, and Opportunities. ACS NANO 2021; 15:210-239. [PMID: 33405889 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, developing efficient and robust electrochemical energy storage (or conversion) systems is urgently needed but still very challenging. Next-generation electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, mainly including fuel cells, metal-air batteries, metal-sulfur batteries, and metal-ion batteries, have been viewed as promising candidates for future large-scale energy applications. All these systems are operated through one type of chemical conversion mechanism, which is currently limited by poor reaction kinetics. Single atom catalysts (SACs) perform maximum atom efficiency and well-defined active sites. They have been employed as electrode components to enhance the redox kinetics and adjust the interactions at the reaction interface, boosting device performance. In this Review, we briefly summarize the related background knowledge, motivation and working principle toward next-generation electrochemical energy storage (or conversion) devices, including fuel cells, Zn-air batteries, Al-air batteries, Li-air batteries, Li-CO2 batteries, Li-S batteries, and Na-S batteries. While pointing out the remaining challenges in each system, we clarify the importance of SACs to solve these development bottlenecks. Then, we further explore the working principle and current progress of SACs in various device systems. Finally, future opportunities and perspectives of SACs in next-generation electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Fulu Chu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Tuoya Naren
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yueyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yongpeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Feixiang Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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11
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Ge X, Di H, Wang P, Miao X, Zhang P, Wang H, Ma J, Yin L. Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Cobalt Nanocluster Inlaid Porous Carbon as High-Efficiency Catalyst for Advanced Potassium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16022-16035. [PMID: 33169602 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite high theoretical capacity and earth-abundant resources, the potential industrialization of potassium-sulfur (K-S) batteries is severely plagued by poor electrochemical reaction kinetics and a parasitic shuttle effect. Herein, a facile low-temperature pyrolysis strategy is developed to synthesize N-doped Co nanocluster inlaid porous N-doped carbon derived from ZIF-67 as catalytic cathodes for K-S batteries. To maximize the utilization efficiency, the size of Co nanoparticles can be tuned from 7 nm to homogeneously distributed 3 nm clusters to create more active sites to regulate affinity for S/polysulfides, improving the conversion reaction kinetics between captured polysulfides and K2S3/S, fundamentally suppressing the shuttle effect. Cyclic voltammetry curves, Tafel plots, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations ascertain that 3 nm Co clusters in S-N-Cos-C cathodes exhibit superior catalytic activity to ensure low charge transfer resistance and energy barriers, enhanced exchange current density, and improved conversion reaction rate. The constructed S-N-Cos-C cathode delivers a superior reversible capacity of 453 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 after 50 cycles, a dramatic rate capacity of 415 mAh g-1 at 400 mA g-1, and a long cycling stability. This work provides an avenue to make full use of high catalytic Co nanoclusters derived from metal-organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ge
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P.R. China
| | - Haoxiang Di
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P.R. China
| | - Xianguang Miao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P.R. China
| | - Huiyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Longwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P.R. China
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12
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Jha MK, Babu B, Parker BJ, Surendran V, Cameron NR, Shaijumon MM, Subramaniam C. Hierarchically Engineered Nanocarbon Florets as Bifunctional Electrode Materials for Adsorptive and Intercalative Energy Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42669-42677. [PMID: 32842723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional dendritic nanostructured carbon florets (NCFs) with tailored porosity are demonstrated as electrochemically versatile electrodes for both adsorptive and intercalative energy storage pathways. Achieved through a single-step template-driven approach, the NCFs exhibit turbostratic graphitic lamellae in a floral assembly leading to high specific surface area and multi-modal pore distribution (920 m2/g). The synergism in structural and chemical frameworks, along with open-ended morphology, enables bifunctionality of hard carbon NCFs as symmetric adsorptive electrodes for supercapacitors (SCs) and intercalation anodes for hybrid potassium-ion capacitors (KICs). Flexible, all-solid-state SCs through facile integration of NCF with the ionic-liquid-imbibed porous polymeric matrix achieve high-energy density (20 W h/kg) and power density (32.7 kW/kg) without compromising on mechanical flexibility and cyclability (94% after 20k cycles). Furthermore, NCF as an anode in a full-cell hybrid KIC (activated carbon as cathode) delivers excellent electrochemical performance with maximum energy and power densities of 57 W h/kg and 12.5 kW/kg, respectively, when cycled in a potential window of 1.0-4.0 V. The exceptional bifunctional performance of NCF highlights the possibility of utilizing such engineered nanocarbons for high-performance energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Binson Babu
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 69551 Kerala, India
| | - Bradyn J Parker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vishnu Surendran
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 69551 Kerala, India
| | - Neil R Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Manikoth M Shaijumon
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 69551 Kerala, India
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Zhang Y, Li L, Xiang Y, Zou G, Hou H, Deng W, Ji X. High Sulfur-Doped Hard Carbon with Advanced Potassium Storage Capacity via a Molten Salt Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30431-30437. [PMID: 32515939 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the slight volume expansion after potassiation, hard carbon is regarded as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Heteroatom doping (such as sulfur or nitrogen) is a common method to modify hard carbon for high K-storage capacity and long cycling performance. High sulfur-doped hard carbon with a sulfur content of 25.8 wt % is prepared by calcining glucose in molten salt (K2SO4@LiCl/KCl). It exhibits high specific capacities of 361.4 mA h g-1 during the 1st cycle and 317.7 mA h g-1 during the 100th cycle at 0.05 A g-1. The high capacity arises from the K-S reaction behavior, which is demonstrated by the cyclic voltammetry test and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. This work is an effective application of the molten salt method for PIBs, furnishing an understanding to K-storage behaviors of hard carbon- with high sulfur content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yinger Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guoqiang Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
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14
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Liu P, Mitlin D. Emerging Potassium Metal Anodes: Perspectives on Control of the Electrochemical Interfaces. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1161-1175. [PMID: 32466644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusPotassium metal serves as the anode in emerging potassium metal batteries (KMBs). It also serves as the counter electrode for potassium ion battery (KIB) half-cells, with its reliable performance being critical for assessing the working electrode material. This first-of-its-kind critical Account focuses on the dual challenge of controlling the potassium metal-substrate and the potassium metal-electrolyte interface so as to prevent dendrites. The discussion begins with a comparison of the physical and chemical properties of K metal anodes versus the much oft studied Li and Na metal anodes. Based on established descriptions for root causes of dendrites, the problem should be less severe for K than for Li or Na, while in fact the opposite is observed. The key reason that the K metal surface rapidly becomes dendritic in common electrolytes is its unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). An unstable SEI layer is defined as being non-self-passivating. No SEI is perfectly stable during cycling, and all SEI structures are heterogeneous both vertically and horizontally relative to the electrolyte interface. The difference between a "stable" and an "unstable" SEI may be viewed as the relative degree to which during cycling it thickens and becomes further heterogeneous. The unstable SEI on K metal leads to a number of interrelated problems, such as low cycling Coulombic efficiency (CE), a severe impedance rise, large overpotentials, and possibly electrical shorting, all of which have been reported to occur as early as in the first 10 plating/stripping cycles. Many of the traditional "interface fixes" employed for Li and Na metal anodes, such as various artificial SEIs, surface membranes, barrier layers, secondary separators, etc., have not been attempted or optimized for the case of K. This is an important area for further exploration, with an understanding that success may come harder with K than with Li due to K-based SEI reactivity with both ether and ester solvents.The second critical problem with K metal anodes is that they do not thermally or electrochemically wet a standard (untreated) Cu foil current collector. Published experimental and modeling research directly highlights the weak bonding between the K atoms and a Cu surface. Existing surface treatment approaches that achieve improved K wetting are discussed, along with the general design rules for future studies. Also discussed are geometry-based methods to tune nucleation as well dual approaches where nucleation and SEI structure are tuned through complementary schemes to achieve extended half-cell and full battery stability. We hypothesize that K metal never achieves a planar wetting morphology even at cycle one, making the dendrites "baked-in". We propose that classical thin film growth models, Frank van der Merwe (F-M), Volmer-Weber (V-W), and Stranski-Krastanov (S-K), can be employed to describe early stage plating behavior. It is demonstrated that islandlike V-W growth is the applicable description for the natural plating behavior of K on pristine Cu. Moving forward, there are three inter-related thrusts to be pursued: First, K salt-based electrolyte formulations have to mature and become further tailored to handle the increased reactivity of a metal rather than an ion anode. Second, the K-based SEI structure needs to be further understood and ultimately tuned to be less reactive. Third, the energetics of the K metal-current collector interface must be controlled to promote planar wetting/dewetting throughout cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1591, United States
| | - David Mitlin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1591, United States
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15
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Recent Developments and Future Challenges in Designing Rechargeable Potassium-Sulfur and Potassium-Selenium Batteries. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of chalcogenide elements, such as sulfur (S) and selenium (Se), as cathode materials in rechargeable lithium (Li) and sodium (Na) batteries has been extensively investigated. Similar to Li and Na systems, rechargeable potassium–sulfur (K–S) and potassium–selenium (K–Se) batteries have recently attracted substantial interest because of the abundance of K and low associated costs. However, K–S and K–Se battery technologies are in their infancy because K possesses overactive chemical properties compared to Li and Na and the electrochemical mechanisms of such batteries are not fully understood. This paper summarizes current research trends and challenges with regard to K–S and K–Se batteries and reviews the associated fundamental science, key technological developments, and scientific challenges to evaluate the potential use of these batteries and finally determine effective pathways for their practical development.
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16
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Liu Q, Deng W, Pan Y, Sun CF. Approaching the voltage and energy density limits of potassium-selenium battery chemistry in a concentrated ether-based electrolyte. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6045-6052. [PMID: 34094097 PMCID: PMC8159323 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium–selenium (K–Se) batteries offer fairly high theoretical voltage (∼1.88 V) and energy density (∼1275 W h kgSe−1). However, in practice, their operation voltage is so far limited to ∼1.4 V, resulting in insufficient energy utilization and mechanistic understanding. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time that K–Se batteries operating in concentrated ether-based electrolytes follow distinctive reaction pathways involving reversible stepwise conversion reactions from Se to K2Sex (x = 5, 3, 2, 1). The presence of redox intermediates K2Se5 at ∼2.3 V and K2Se3 at ∼2.1 V, in contrast with previous reports, enables record-high average discharge plateau voltage (1.85 V) and energy density (998 W h kgSe−1 or 502 W h kgK2Se−1), both approaching the theoretical limits and surpassing those of previously reported Na/K/Al–Se batteries. Moreover, experimental analysis and first-principles calculations reveal that the effective suppression of detrimental polyselenide dissolution/shuttling in concentrated electrolytes, together with high electron conductibility of Se/K2Sex, enables fast reaction kinetics, efficient utilization of Se, and long-term cyclability of up to 350 cycles, which are impracticable in either K–S counterparts or K–Se batteries with low/moderate-concentration electrolytes. This work may pave the way for mechanistic understanding and full energy utilization of K–Se battery chemistry. K–Se batteries follow distinctive reaction pathways in concentrated ether electrolytes, and deliver record-high discharge plateau voltage of 1.85 V on average and energy density of 998 W h kgSe−1, both approaching the theoretical limits.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China
| | - Wenzhuo Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
| | - Yilong Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Fu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P.R. China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China
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