1
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Xie X, Chang X, Kang S, Fang Y, Ivasenko O. Micro-patterning of C-C covalently-bound grafts by mechanochemical imprint lithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38957014 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A simple, inexpensive and versatile patterned removal of C-C grafts has been realized for scalable multicomponent micropatterned functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Xie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Shuilong Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Fang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
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2
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Zhang C, Zhou X, Zhu C, Zong Y, Cao H. STM studies on porphyrins and phthalocyanines at the liquid/solid interface for molecular-scale electronics. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11017-11024. [PMID: 37529933 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are promising candidates for single-molecule electronics. Among the many characterization tools, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) represents a very powerful one to gain insight into the electronic properties at the molecular level, by correlating the charge transport behaviours of π-conjugated molecules with ultrahigh resolution imaging. In view of the sophistication of molecular self-assembly in the presence of a solution phase, in this frontier, we focus on STM studies on porphyrins and phthalocyanines at the liquid/solid interface, placing emphasis on the electronic and magnetic properties, as well as the switching behaviour of surface-confined or surface-anchored molecules. Furthermore, we have also addressed the topics of potential that can be exploited in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chunlei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yufen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Huynh TMT, Tahara K, De Feyter S, Phan TH. On the role of functional groups in the formation of diazonium based covalent attachments: dendritic vs. layer-by-layer growth. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24576-24582. [PMID: 37593664 PMCID: PMC10427895 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilayered growth is often observed upon electrografting aryl diazonium derivatives on graphitic substrates due to the reactive nature of aryl radicals. The mechanism of the multilayer formation has been investigated either by measuring the thickness of the grafted layer, the charge transfer, or via simulations. Spectroscopy and in particular microscopy approaches are underrepresented. Herein, we demonstrate a comparative characterization of the multilayer growth of two diazonium derivatives on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite using a combination of cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. While dendritic growth is observed for 4-nitro phenyl diazonium (4-NBD), 4-carboxy phenyl diazonium (4-CBD) shows layer-by-layer growth upon increasing the molecular concentration, revealing the impact of the functional groups on the growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tamaku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven B-3001 Belgium
| | - Thanh Hai Phan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
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4
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Aoi S, Hirose S, Soeda W, Kaneko H, Mali KS, De Feyter S, Tahara K. Spatially Controlled Aryl Radical Grafting of Graphite Surfaces Guided by Self-Assembled Molecular Networks of Linear Alkane Derivatives: The Importance of Conformational Dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5986-5994. [PMID: 37068184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of carbon surfaces with nanometer-scale precision is of interest because of its potential in a range of applications. We herein report the controlled grafting of graphite surfaces using electrochemically generated aryl radicals templated by self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) of bisalkylurea derivatives. A bisalkylurea derivative having two butoxy units acts as a template for the covalent functionalization of aryl groups in between self-assembled rows of this molecule. In contrast, grafting occurs without a spatial order when an SAMN of bis(tetradecyl)urea was used as a template. This indicates that a degree of dynamics at the alkyl termini is required to favor controlled covalent attachment, a situation that is suppressed by strong intrarow intermolecular interactions resulting from the hydrogen bonding of the urea groups, but favored by terminal short alkoxy groups. The present information is useful for understanding the mechanism of the template-guided aryl radical grafting and the molecular design of new generations of template molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Aoi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shingo Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Wakana Soeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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5
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Wetzl C, Silvestri A, Garrido M, Hou HL, Criado A, Prato M. The Covalent Functionalization of Surface-Supported Graphene: An Update. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212857. [PMID: 36279191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of graphene supported on solid surfaces has broadened its scope and applications, and graphene has acquire a promising role as a major component of high-performance electronic devices. In this context, the chemical modification of graphene has become essential. In particular, covalent modification offers key benefits, including controllability, stability, and the facility to be integrated into manufacturing operations. In this Review, we critically comment on the latest advances in the covalent modification of supported graphene on substrates. We analyze the different chemical modifications with special attention to radical reactions. In this context, we review the latest achievements in reactivity control, tailoring electronic properties, and introducing active functionalities. Finally, we extended our analysis to other emerging 2D materials supported on surfaces, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and elemental analogs of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hui-Lei Hou
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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6
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Li Z, Guo Y, Li K, Wang S, De Bonis E, Cao H, Mertens SF, Teng C. Shape Control of Bimetallic MOF/Graphene Composites for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Covalent transfer of chemical gradients onto a graphenic surface with 2D and 3D control. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7006. [PMID: 36384990 PMCID: PMC9668971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over the functionalization of graphenic materials is key to enable their full application in electronic and optical technologies. Covalent functionalization strategies have been proposed as an approach to tailor the interfaces’ structure and properties. However, to date, none of the proposed methods allow for a covalent functionalization with control over the grafting density, layer thickness and/or morphology, which are key aspects for fine-tuning the processability and performance of graphenic materials. Here, we show that the no-slip boundary condition at the walls of a continuous flow microfluidic device offers a way to generate controlled chemical gradients onto a graphenic material with 2D and 3D control, a possibility that will allow the sophisticated functionalization of these technologically-relevant materials. Covalent modification is an essential chemical method for altering the physicochemical properties of material interfaces. Here, the authors show that the no-slip conditions in microfluidic devices grant spatiotemporal control over molecular grafting.
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8
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Hashimoto S, Kaneko H, De Feyter S, Tobe Y, Tahara K. Symmetry and spacing controls in periodic covalent functionalization of graphite surfaces templated by self-assembled molecular networks. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12595-12609. [PMID: 35861168 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We herein present the periodic covalent functionalization of graphite surfaces, creating a range of patterns of different symmetries and pitches at the nanoscale. Self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) of rhombic-shaped bis(dehydrobenzo[12]annulene) (bisDBA) derivatives having alkyl chain substituents of different lengths were used as templates for covalent grafting of electrochemically generated aryl radicals. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observations at the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/graphite interface revealed that these molecules form a variety of networks that contain pores of different shapes and sizes. The covalently functionalized surfaces show hexagonal, oblique, and quasi-rectangular periodicities. This is attributed to the favorable aryl radical addition at the pore(s). We also confirmed the successful transmission of chirality information from the SAMNs to the alignment of the grafted aryls. In one case, the addition of a guest molecule was used to switch the SAMN symmetry and periodicity, leading to a change in the functionalized surface periodicity from oblique to hexagonal in the presence of the guest molecule. This contribution highlights the potential of SAMNs as templates for the controlled formation of nanopatterned carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30030, Taiwan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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9
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Dominguez-Alfaro A, Chau NDQ, Yan S, Mancino D, Pamulapati S, Williams S, Taylor LW, Dewey OS, Pasquali M, Prato M, Bianco A, Criado A. Electrochemical modification of carbon nanotube fibres. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9313-9322. [PMID: 35579037 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of the surface of carbon nanotube fibres (CNTFs) through electrochemical reduction of para-substituted phenyldiazonium salts and electrochemical oxidation of an aliphatic diamine is described. Following these strategies, diverse surface functionalities have been introduced while preserving the fibre bulk properties. The corresponding modified CNTFs were fully characterised by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, exhibiting different surface properties from those of the unmodified CNTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ngoc Do Quyen Chau
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stephen Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Donato Mancino
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sushma Pamulapati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Steven Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lauren W Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Oliver S Dewey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, unit of Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Rúa As Carballeiras, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
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10
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Li Z, Li K, Wang S, Teng C. Covalent Patterning of Graphene for Controllable Functionalization from Microscale to Nanoscale: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:829614. [PMID: 35360538 PMCID: PMC8963783 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.829614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent patterning of graphene opens many application possibilities in the field of photonics, electronics, sensors, and catalysis due to order-dependent optical properties, band structure engineering, and processibility and reactivity improvement. Owing to the low reactivity of the graphene basal plane, harsh reagents (e.g., radicals) used for covalent functionalization normally result in poor spatial control, which largely compromises the intrinsic properties of graphene. Therefore, precisely spatial control on covalent patterning of graphene is of great importance. Herein, we summarize recent advances for covalent patterning of graphene from the microscale to nanoscale resolution using different techniques such as laser or electrochemical writing, template-directed growth, and tip-induced nanoshaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Chao Teng,
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Teng
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Chao Teng,
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11
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Verstraete L, De Feyter S. 2D Self-assembled molecular networks and on-surface reactivity under nanoscale lateral confinement. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5884-5897. [PMID: 34027935 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01338b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly at surfaces provides a pathway for building chemically customized interfaces. Over the last three decades, research on the role of key parameters such as temperature, solute concentration, and molecular design has enabled a steady increase in the complexity of self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) that can thus be created. However, the structure and quality of SAMNs is often determined during the early stages of nucleation and growth. To study and influence self-assembly processes at this deterministic length scale, spatial confinement of molecular adsorbates to well-defined surface patterns with nanoscale lateral dimensions offers exciting possibilities. The aim of this tutorial review is to give an overview of the various ways in which confinement impacts SAMN formation, and how we can use that knowledge to direct assemblies towards desired structures. The possibility to exploit confinement for improved control over on-surface reactions is also contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Verstraete
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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13
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Clancy AJ, Au H, Rubio N, Coulter GO, Shaffer MSP. Understanding and controlling the covalent functionalisation of graphene. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10308-10318. [PMID: 32643711 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01589j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical functionalisation is one of the most active areas of graphene research, motivated by fundamental science, the opportunities to adjust or supplement intrinsic properties, and the need to assemble materials for a broad array of applications. Historically, the primary consideration has been the degree of functionalisation but there is growing interest in understanding how and where modification occurs. Reactions may proceed preferentially at edges, defects, or on graphitic faces; they may be correlated, uncorrelated, or anti-correlated with previously grafted sites. A detailed collation of existing literature data indicates that steric effects play a strong role in limiting the extent of reaction. However, the pattern of functionalisation may have important effects on the resulting properties. This article addresses the unifying principles of current graphene functionalisation technologies, with emphasis on understanding and controlling the locus of functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Dept. Chemistry, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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14
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Xia Y, Martin C, Seibel J, Eyley S, Thielemans W, van der Auweraer M, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Iodide mediated reductive decomposition of diazonium salts: towards mild and efficient covalent functionalization of surface-supported graphene. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11916-11926. [PMID: 32478349 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene is highly sought after, not only in view of the potential applications of the chemically modified material, but also because it brings fundamental insight into the chemistry of graphene. Thus, strategies that yield chemically modified graphene with densely grafted films of aryl groups via simple experimental protocols have been the focus of intense research. Here we report a mild, straightforward and efficient approach to graphene/graphite functionalization using iodide mediated reductive dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts. The experimental protocol employs aqueous solutions of the reagents. The reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature without the need of any environmental or electrochemical control. The covalently modified surfaces were characterized at the nanometer scale using a combination of complementary surface analytical techniques. The degree of covalent functionalization, and the morphology, as well as the thickness of the grafted films were studied at the molecular level using Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, respectively. Furthermore, solution phase UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to understand the mechanistic aspects. This work demonstrates a facile and scalable covalent modification method compatible for both bulk and monolayer functionalization of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Mark van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Tahara K, Kubo Y, Hashimoto S, Ishikawa T, Kaneko H, Brown A, Hirsch BE, Feyter SD, Tobe Y. Porous Self-Assembled Molecular Networks as Templates for Chiral-Position-Controlled Chemical Functionalization of Graphitic Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7699-7708. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Toru Ishikawa
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Anton Brown
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brandon E. Hirsch
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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