Nanotechnology Facets of the Periodic Table of Elements

Sputtered thin film deposited laser induced graphene based novel micro-supercapacitor device for energy storage application

Pioneering flexible micro-supercapacitors, designed for exceptional energy and power density, transcend conventional storage limitations. Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) based on laser-induced graphene (LIG), augmented with metal-oxide modifiers, harness synergies with layered graphene to achieve superior capacitance. This study presents a novel one-step process for sputtered plasma deposition of HfO2, resulting in enhanced supercapacitance performance. Introducing LIG-HfO2 micro-supercapacitor (MSC) devices with varied oxygen flow rates further boosts supercapacitance performance by introducing oxygen functional groups. FESEM investigations demonstrate uniform coating of HfO2 on LIG fibers through sputtering. Specific capacitance measurements reveal 6.4 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s and 4.5 mF/cm2 at a current density of 0.04 mA/cm2. The LIG-HfO2 devices exhibit outstanding supercapacitor performance, boasting at least a fourfold increase over pristine LIG. Moreover, stability testing indicates a high retention rate of 97% over 5000 cycles, ensuring practical real-time applications.

Synthesis and multi-scale properties of PuO2 nanoparticles: recent advances and open questions

Due to the increased attention given to actinide nanomaterials, the question of their structure-property relationship is on the spotlight of recent publications. Plutonium oxide (PuO₂) particularly plays a central role in nuclear energetics and a comprehensive knowledge about its properties when nanosizing is of paramount interest to understand its behaviour in environmental migration schemes but also for the development of advanced nuclear energy systems underway. The element plutonium further stimulates the curiosity of scientists due to the unique physical and chemical properties it exhibits around the periodic table. PuO₂ crystallizes in the fluorite structure of the face-centered cubic system for which the properties can be significantly affected when shrinking. Identifying the formation mechanism of PuO₂ nanoparticles, their related atomic, electronic and crystalline structures, and their reactivity in addition to their nanoscale properties, appears to be a fascinating and challenging ongoing topic, whose recent advances are discussed in this review.

Nanodelivery of antiretroviral drugs to nervous tissues

Despite the development of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain challenging. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCFB) impedes the adequate penetration of certain antiretroviral drugs into the brain. In addition, reports have shown that some antiretroviral drugs cause neurotoxicity resulting from their interaction with nervous tissues due to long-term systemic exposure. Therefore, the research into the effective therapeutic modality that would cater for the HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and ART toxicity is now receiving broad research attention. Thus, this review explores the latest information in managing HAND using a nanoparticle drug delivery system (NDDS). We discussed the neurotoxicity profile of various approved ART. Also, we explained the applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in medicine, their different synthesis methods and their interaction with nervous tissues. Lastly, while proposing AgNPs as useful nanoparticles in properly delivering ART to enhance effectiveness and minimize neurocognitive disorders, we hypothesize that the perceived toxicity of AgNPs could be minimized by taking appropriate precautions. One such precaution is using appropriate reducing and stabilizing agents such as trisodium citrate to reduce silver ion Ag + to ground state Ag0 during the synthesis. Also, the usage of medium-sized, spherical-shaped AgNPs is encouraged in AgNPs-based drug delivery to the brain due to their ability to deliver therapeutic agents across BBB. In addition, characterization and functionalization of the synthesized AgNPs are required during the drug delivery approach. Putting all these factors in place would minimize toxicity and enhance the usage of AgNPs in delivering therapeutic agents across the BBB to the targeted brain tissue and could cater for the HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and neurotoxic effects of antiretroviral drugs (ARDs).

Titanium dioxide nanotubes: synthesis, structure, properties and applications

Methods of synthesis of nanotubular structures based on titania of various phase and chemical compositions are described. A systematic account is given of known data about the influence of synthesis and subsequent treatment conditions on the amorphous and crystal structures, specific surface area, morphology and optical, luminescence and electro-physical properties of titania-based nanotubular oxide materials. The photocatalytic properties in the oxidation reactions of organic compounds and the performance characteristics of the memristive behaviour of TiO2-based nanotubular structures are considered in details. Their applications are discussed.

The bibliography includes 238 references.

Green Metallic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Evaluation Models and Cancer Applications

Metal-based nanoparticles are widely used to deliver bioactive molecules and drugs to improve cancer therapy. Several research works have highlighted the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by green chemistry, using biological entities to minimize the use of solvents and control their physicochemical and biological properties. Recent advances in evaluating the anticancer effect of green biogenic Au and Ag nanoparticles are mainly focused on the use of conventional 2D cell culture and in vivo murine models that allow determination of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration, a critical parameter to move forward clinical trials. However, the interaction between nanoparticles and the tumor microenvironment is not yet fully understood. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more human-like evaluation models or to improve the existing ones for a better understanding of the molecular bases of cancer. This review provides recent advances in biosynthesized Au and Ag nanoparticles for seven of the most common and relevant cancers and their biological assessment. In addition, it provides a general idea of the in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models used for the anticancer evaluation of green biogenic metal-based nanoparticles.

Soft chemistry of pure silver as unique plasmonic metal of the Periodic Table of Elements

The International Year of The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements revealed that the Table remains both a deeply fundamental paradigm for various branches of chemistry and a universal practical tool for predictable design of new materials. Silver is a notable “nanoelement” particularly known by its plasmonic properties. A key advantage of this metal is an easily achievable morphological variety of nanostructured materials. This element represents a research branch of precise engineering of shapes and sizes of nanoparticle ensembles and smart hierarchic nanostructures. In the review, unique features of silver are discussed with respect to the development of novel analytical methods for forthcoming applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in ecology, biology and medicine.

Thermoelectric Penta-Silicene with a High Room-Temperature Figure of Merit

Silicon is one of the most frequently used chemical elements of the periodic table in nanotechnology (Goodilin et al., ACS Nano 2019, 13, 10879-10886). Two-dimensional silicene, a silicon analogue of graphene, has been readily obtained to make field-effect transistors since 2015 (Tao et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 227; Tsai et al., Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1500). Recently, as new members of the silicene family, penta-silicene and its nanoribbon have been experimentally grown on a Ag(110) surface with exotic electronic properties (Cerdá et al., Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13076; Sheng et al., Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 2937-2942). However, the thermoelectric performance of penta-silicene has not been so far studied, which would hinder its potential applications of electric generation from waste heat and solid-state Peltier coolers. Based on the Boltzmann transport theory and ab initio calculations, we find that penta-silicene shows remarkable room-temperature figures of merit ZT of 3.4 and 3.0 at the reachable hole and electron concentrations, respectively. We attribute this high ZT to the superior "pudding-mold" electronic band structure and ultralow lattice thermal conductivity. The discovery provides new insight into the transport property of pentagonal nanostructures and highlights the potential applications of thermoelectric materials at room temperature.