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Najihah AZ, Hassan MZ, Ismail Z. Current trend on preparation, characterization and biomedical applications of natural polysaccharide-based nanomaterial reinforcement hydrogels: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132411. [PMID: 38821798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The tunable properties of hydrogels have led to their widespread use in various biomedical applications such as wound treatment, drug delivery, contact lenses, tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting. Among these applications, natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels, which are fabricated from materials like agarose, alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cellulose, pectin and chondroitin sulfate, stand out as preferred choices due to their biocompatibility and advantageous fabrication characteristics. Despite the inherent biocompatibility, polysaccharide-based hydrogels on their own tend to be weak in physiochemical and mechanical properties. Therefore, further reinforcement in the hydrogel is necessary to enhance its suitability for specific applications, ensuring optimal performance in diverse settings. Integrating nanomaterials into hydrogels has proven effective in improving the overall network and performance of the hydrogel. This approach also addresses the limitations associated with pure hydrogels. Next, an overview of recent trends in the fabrication and applications of hydrogels was presented. The characterization of hydrogels was further discussed, focusing specifically on the reinforcement achieved with various hydrogel materials used so far. Finally, a few challenges associated with hydrogels by using polysaccharide-based nanomaterial were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Najihah
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Zaki Hassan
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zarini Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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2
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Polez RT, Ajiboye MA, Österberg M, Horn MM. Chitosan hydrogels enriched with bioactive phloroglucinol for controlled drug diffusion and potential wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130808. [PMID: 38490386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
We report a facile strategy to prepare chitosan (CS) hydrogels that eliminates the need for chemical crosslinking for advanced biomedical therapies. This approach gives controlled properties to the hydrogels by incorporating a natural bioactive phenolic compound, phloroglucinol (PG), into their microstructure. The adsorption of PG onto CS chains enhanced the hydrogels' antioxidant activity by up to 25 % and resulted in a denser, more entangled structure, reducing the pore size by 59 μm while maintaining porosity above 94 %. This allowed us to finely adjust pore size and swelling capacity. These structural properties make these hydrogels well-suited for wound healing dressings, promoting fibroblast proliferation and exhibiting excellent hemocompatibility. Furthermore, to ensure the versatility of these hydrogels, herein, we demonstrate their potential as drug delivery systems, particularly for dermal infections. The drug release can be controlled by a combination of drug diffusion through the swollen hydrogel and relaxation of the CS chains. In summary, our hydrogels leverage the synergistic effects of CS's antibacterial and antifungal properties with PG's antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory attributes, positioning them as promising candidates for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, more specifically in advanced wound healing therapies with local drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Teixeira Polez
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Margaret A Ajiboye
- Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marilia M Horn
- Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany.
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3
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Vaidya G, Pramanik S, Kadi A, Rayshan AR, Abualsoud BM, Ansari MJ, Masood R, Michaelson J. Injecting hope: chitosan hydrogels as bone regeneration innovators. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:756-797. [PMID: 38300215 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2304952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneous bone regeneration encounters substantial restrictions in cases of bone defects, demanding external intervention to improve the repair and regeneration procedure. The field of bone tissue engineering (BTE), which embraces a range of disciplines, offers compelling replacements for conventional strategies like autografts, allografts, and xenografts. Among the diverse scaffolding materials utilized in BTE applications, hydrogels have demonstrated great promise as templates for the regeneration of bone owing to their resemblance to the innate extracellular matrix. In spite of the advancement of several biomaterials, chitosan (CS), a natural biopolymer, has garnered significant attention in recent years as a beneficial graft material for producing injectable hydrogels. Injectable hydrogels based on CS formulations provide numerous advantages, including their capacity to absorb and preserve a significant amount of water, their minimally invasive character, the existence of porous structures, and their capability to adapt accurately to irregular defects. Moreover, combining CS with other naturally derived or synthetic polymers and bioactive materials has displayed its effectiveness as a feasible substitute for traditional grafts. We aim to spotlight the composition, production, and physicochemical characteristics and practical utilization of CS-based injectable hydrogels, explicitly focusing on their potential implementations in bone regeneration. We consider this review a fundamental resource and a source of inspiration for future research attempts to pioneer the next era of tissue-engineering scaffold materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Vaidya
- Department of Studies and Research in Food Technology, Davangere University, Davangere, India
| | - Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ammar Kadi
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Ahmed Raheem Rayshan
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Bassam M Abualsoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehana Masood
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jacob Michaelson
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
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4
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Zhong Y, Lin Q, Yu H, Shao L, Cui X, Pang Q, Zhu Y, Hou R. Construction methods and biomedical applications of PVA-based hydrogels. Front Chem 2024; 12:1376799. [PMID: 38435666 PMCID: PMC10905748 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1376799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel is favored by researchers due to its good biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, low friction coefficient, and suitable water content. The widely distributed hydroxyl side chains on the PVA molecule allow the hydrogels to be branched with various functional groups. By improving the synthesis method and changing the hydrogel structure, PVA-based hydrogels can obtain excellent cytocompatibility, flexibility, electrical conductivity, viscoelasticity, and antimicrobial properties, representing a good candidate for articular cartilage restoration, electronic skin, wound dressing, and other fields. This review introduces various preparation methods of PVA-based hydrogels and their wide applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Han Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Research Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qian Pang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Papaioannou A, Vasilaki E, Loukelis K, Papadogianni D, Chatzinikolaidou M, Vamvakaki M. Bioactive and biomimetic 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering using graphitic carbon nitride as a sustainable visible light photoinitiator. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 157:213737. [PMID: 38211506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is explored as a novel sustainable visible light photoinitiator for the preparation of biomimetic 3D hydrogel scaffolds comprising gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA) and dopamine methacrylamide for use in tissue engineering. The initiator efficiency was assessed by comparing the swelling behavior and the stability of photopolymerized hydrogels prepared with GelMA of different degrees of functionalization and different comonomer compositions. Bioactive composite hydrogels with a 50 wt% nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) content, to closely mimic the actual bone composition, were successfully obtained by the introduction of nHAp in the prepolymer solutions followed by photopolymerization. The composite hydrogels demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties and excellent stability in PBS verifying the preparation of robust 3D scaffolds for use in cancellous or pre-calcified bone tissue engineering applications. The in vitro cell response of the composite scaffolds exhibited high cell viability and enhanced differentiation of pre-osteoblasts to mature osteoblasts, demonstrating their osteogenic potential. This work establishes, for the first time, the excellent properties of g-C3N4 as a sustainable, visible light initiator, fully satisfying the principles of green chemistry, for the preparation of robust and biologically relevant hydrogels, and proposes a new approach to overcome the main challenges of conventional photoinitiators in cell scaffold fabrication, such as photobleaching, high cost and non-scalable synthesis employing toxic organic precursors and solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papaioannou
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Vasilaki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Loukelis
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Danai Papadogianni
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Vamvakaki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Pelin IM, Popescu I, Calin M, Rebleanu D, Voicu G, Ionita D, Zaharia MM, Constantin M, Fundueanu G. Tri-Component Hydrogel as Template for Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Deposition Using Alternate Soaking Method for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Gels 2023; 9:905. [PMID: 37998995 PMCID: PMC10671408 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite hydrogels containing apatite-like particles can act as scaffolds for osteoblast proliferation, with applications in bone tissue engineering. In this respect, porous biocompatible hydrogels were obtained from chitosan, oxidized pullulan, and PVA in different ratios. The stability of the hydrogels was ensured both by covalent bonds between aldehyde groups of oxidized pullulan and free amino groups of chitosan, and by physical bonds formed during freeze-thaw cycles and lyophilization. The deposition of calcium phosphates was performed by alternate soaking of the porous hydrogels into solutions with calcium and phosphate ions, assuring a basic pH required for hydroxyapatite formation. The mineralized hydrogels were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, showing that inorganic particles containing between 80 and 92% hydroxyapatite were deposited in a high amount on the pore walls of the polymeric matrix. The composition of the organic matrix influenced the crystallization of calcium phosphates and the mechanical properties of the composite hydrogels. In vitro biological tests showed that mineralized hydrogels support the proliferation of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells to a greater extent compared to pristine hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mihaela Pelin
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.P.); (D.I.); (M.-M.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Irina Popescu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.P.); (D.I.); (M.-M.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Manuela Calin
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (D.R.); (G.V.)
| | - Daniela Rebleanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (D.R.); (G.V.)
| | - Geanina Voicu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (D.R.); (G.V.)
| | - Daniela Ionita
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.P.); (D.I.); (M.-M.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Marius-Mihai Zaharia
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.P.); (D.I.); (M.-M.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Marieta Constantin
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.P.); (D.I.); (M.-M.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Gheorghe Fundueanu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.P.); (D.I.); (M.-M.Z.); (G.F.)
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7
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Nie L, Chang P, Okoro OV, Ayran M, Gunduz O, Hu K, Wang T, Shavandi A. Synthesis, physicochemical characteristics, cytocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of iron-doped biphasic calcium phosphate nanoparticles with incorporation of silver. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9:065016. [PMID: 37748457 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/acfcbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The application of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has been widely explored due to its extensively documented multi-functionality. The present study attempts to synthesize a new type of BCP nanoparticles, characterised with favourable cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties via modifications in their structure, functionality and assemblage, using dopants. In this regard, this study initially synthesized iron-doped BCP (FB) nanoparticles with silver subsequently incorporated into FB nanoparticles to create a nanostructured composite (FBAg). The FB and FBAgnanoparticles were then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that silver was present in the FBAgnanoparticles, with a positive correlation observed between increasing AgNO3concentrations and increasing shape irregularity and reduced particle size distribution. Additionally, cell culture tests revealed that both FB and FBAgnanoparticles were compatible with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The antibacterial activity of the FBAgnanoparticles was also tested using Gram-negativeE. coliand Gram-positiveS. aureus, and was found to be effective against both bacteria. The inhibition rates of FBAgnanoparticles againstE. coliandS. aureuswere 33.78 ± 1.69-59.03 ± 2.95%, and 68.48 ± 4.11-89.09 ± 5.35%, respectively. These findings suggest that the FBAgnanoparticles have potential use in future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University (XYNU), Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles - BioMatter unit, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pengbo Chang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Zhengzhou Technical College, Zhengzhou 450121, People's Republic of China
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles - BioMatter unit, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Musa Ayran
- Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application & Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application & Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kehui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles - BioMatter unit, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Du Q, Sun J, Zhou Y, Yu Y, Kong W, Chen C, Zhou Y, Zhao K, Shao C, Gu X. Fabrication of ACP-CCS-PVA composite membrane for a potential application in guided bone regeneration. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25930-25938. [PMID: 37664206 PMCID: PMC10472212 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04498j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The barrier membranes of guided bone regeneration (GBR) have been widely used in clinical medicine to repair bone defects. However, the unmatched mechanical strength, unsuitable degradation rates, and insufficient regeneration potential limit the application of the current barrier membranes. Here, amorphous calcium phosphate-carboxylated chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol (ACP-CCS-PVA) composite membranes are fabricated by freeze-thaw cycles, in which the ATP-stabilized ACP nanoparticles are uniformly distributed throughout the membranes. The mechanical performance and osteogenic properties are significantly improved by the ACP incorporated into the CCS-PVA system, but excess ACP would suppress cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Our work highlights the pivotal role of ACP in GBR and provides insight into the need for biomaterial fabrication to balance mechanical strength and mineral content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Du
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Yadong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Weijing Kong
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Xinhua Gu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
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Elango J, Zamora-Ledezma C, Alexis F, Wu W, Maté-Sánchez de Val JE. Protein Adsorption, Calcium-Binding Ability, and Biocompatibility of Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Hydrogels Using Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1843. [PMID: 37514030 PMCID: PMC10384843 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several approaches have evolved to facilitate the exploration of hydrogel systems in biomedical research. In this sense, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been widely used in hydrogel (HG) fabrication for several therapeutic applications. The biological properties of PVA hydrogels (PVA-HGs) are highly dependent on their interaction with protein receptors and extracellular matrix (mainly calcium) deposition, for which there is not enough evidence from existing research yet. Thus, for the first time, the functional properties, like protein and mineral interactions, related to the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-loaded PVA hydrogels (AgNPs-PVA-HGs) were investigated in the present study. The UV absorption spectrum and TEM microscopic results showed a maximum absorbance of synthesized AgNPs at 409 nm, with an average particle size of 14.5 ± 2.5 nm, respectively. The functional properties, such as the calcium-binding and the protein adsorption of PVA-HG, were accelerated by incorporating AgNPs; however, the swelling properties of the HGs were reduced by AgNPs, which might be due to the masking of the free functional groups (hydroxyl groups of PVA) by AgNPs. SEM images showed the presence of AgNPs with a more porous structure in the HGs. The proliferative effect of MSCs increased over culture time from day 1 to day 7, and the cell proliferative effect was upregulated by HGs with more pronounced AgNPs-PVA-HG. In addition, both HGs did not produce any significant cytotoxicity in the MSCs. The histological (bright light and H&E staining) and fluorescence microscopic images showed the presence of a cytoskeleton and the fibrillar structure of the MSCs, and the cells adhered more firmly to all HGs. More fibrillar bipolar and dense fibrillar structures were seen in the day 1 and day 7 cultures, respectively. Interestingly, the MSCs cultured on AgNPs-PVA-HG produced extracellular matrix deposition on day 7. Accordingly, the present results proved the biocompatibility of AgNPs-PVA-HG as a suitable system for culturing mammalian stem cells for regenerative tissue applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevithan Elango
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Camilo Zamora-Ledezma
- Green and Innovative Technologies for Food, Environment and Bioengineering Research Group (FEnBeT), Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Frank Alexis
- Departmento de Ingenería Química, Colegio de Ciencias y Ingenierias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (Ecuador), Campus Cumbayá, Diego de Robles s/n, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - José Eduardo Maté-Sánchez de Val
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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10
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Zhang K, Liu Y, Shi X, Zhang R, He Y, Zhang H, Wang W. Application of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan copolymer hydrogels in biomedicine: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125192. [PMID: 37276897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels is a hydrophilic, cross-linked polymer of three-dimensional network structures. The application of hydrogels prepared from a single polymer in the biomedical field has many drawbacks. The functional blend of polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan allows hydrogels to have better and more desirable properties than those produced from a single polymer, which is a good biomaterial for development and design. In this paper, we have reviewed the progress in the application of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan composite hydrogels in various medical fields, the different cross-linking agents and cross-linking methods, and the research progress in the optimization of composite hydrogels for their subsequent wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Medical College, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Xuewen Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruihao Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yixiang He
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huaibin Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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11
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Fatima T, Jolly R, Mushahid F, Khan N, Umar MS, Owais M, Shakir M. Combinatorial approach to fabricate silica doped polyvinyl alcohol/hydroxyapatite/carrageenan nanocomposite for bone regeneration applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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12
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Thinh Nguyen T, Hang Dang L, Nguyen P, Le-Buu Pham T, Khoa Le H, Ty Nguyen M, Thi Yen Nhi T, Feng S, Chen J, Quyen Tran N. Dual composition Chondroitin Sulfate and gelatin biomimetic hydrogel based on tyramine crosslinking for tissue regenerative medicine. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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13
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Flaxseed mucilage/calcium phosphate composites as bioactive material for bone tissue regeneration. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBiocompatible polymers are attractive material for the manufacturing of surgical implants which break down in vivo without the necessity for a consequent operation for removal. Elaboration of composite biomaterials scaffolds as artificial bone graft materials remains a major task in bioengineering. Flaxseed mucilage was used as bioactive polysaccharide for preparing composite scaffolds made of calcium phosphate embedded in mucilage matrix. Calcium chloride was mixed with mucilage followed by the addition of phosphate precursor to stimulate the in situ formation of calcium phosphate. The obtained scaffolds mucilage/calcium phosphate at different pHs (5 and 8) were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM/EDX and TEM. The results showed the formation of two phases: mucilage/dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (MU/brushite) and mucilage/hydroxyapatite (MU/HA). MTT test was applied to evaluate viability of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts cells, and the formed hybrids at various pH conditions were classified as non-cytotoxic. These findings establish the potential of developed composite to be used as bone graft substitute materials.
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Nimbalkar Y, Gharat SA, Tanna V, Nikam VS, Nabar S, Sawarkar SP. Modification and Functionalization of Polymers for Targeting to Bone Cancer and Bone Regeneration. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 51:21-58. [PMID: 37560878 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2023043780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most complex, inaccessible body structures, responsible for calcium storage and haematopoiesis. The second highest cause of death across the world is cancer. Amongst all the types of cancers, bone cancer treatment modalities are limited due to the structural complexity and inaccessibility of bones. The worldwide incidence of bone diseases and bone defects due to cancer, infection, trauma, age-related bone degeneration is increasing. Currently different conventional therapies are available for bone cancer such as chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy, but they have several disadvantages associated with them. Nanomedicine is being extensively researched as viable therapeutics to mitigate drug resistance in cancer therapy and promote bone regeneration. Several natural polymers such as chitosan, dextran, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and synthetic polymers like polyglycolic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone are investigated for their application in nanomedicine for bone cancer treatment and bone regeneration. Nanocarriers have shown promising results in preclinical experimental studies. However, they still face a major drawback of inadequate targetability. The paper summarizes the status of research and the progress made so far in modifications and functionalization of natural polymers for improving their site specificity and targeting for effective treatment of bone cancer and enhancing bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Nimbalkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Vile Parle West, Mumbai 400056 India
| | - Sankalp A Gharat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Vile Parle West, Mumbai 400056 India
| | - Vidhi Tanna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Vile Parle West, Mumbai 400056 India
| | - Vandana S Nikam
- Department of Pharmacology, STES's Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Kondhwa, S.P. Pune University, Pune 411048, India
| | - Swapna Nabar
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujata P Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Vile Parle West, Mumbai 400056 India
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Ding P, Wei Q, Tian N, Ding X, Wang L, Wang B, Okoro OV, Shavandi A, Nie L. Enzymatically crosslinked hydrogel based on tyramine modified gelatin and sialylated chitosan. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36322975 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac9f90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatically crosslinked hydrogel could replicate the cellular microenvironment for biomedical applications. In the present study, to improve the cytocompatibility of chitosan (CS), sialic acid (SA) was introduced to CS to synthesize sialylated CS (CS-SA), and the tyramine (TA) was grafted to gelatin (G) to obtain TA modified gelatin (G-TA). The successful synthesis of CS-SA and G-TA was confirmed using1H NMR and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The interpenetrating polymer networks G-TA/CS-SA (GC) hydrogel was then fabricated via blending G-TA and CS-SA solutions and crosslinked using horseradish peroxidase. The storage modulus (G') of the fabricated GC hydrogels with different ratios of G-TA/CS-SA greatly varied during the formation and strain of hydrogels. With the increase of CS-SA concentration from 0% to 2%, the storage modulus of GC hydrogels was also observed to decrease from 1500 Pa to 101 Pa; the water uptake capacity of GC hydrogels increased from 1000% to 4500%. Additionally, the cell counting kit-8 and fluorescent images demonstrated the excellent cytocompatibility of GC hydrogels after culturing with NIH 3T3 cells. The obtained results indicated that the fabricated GC hydrogels might have potential in biomedical fields, such as wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ding
- School of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China.,Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- School of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Tian
- School of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Ding
- School of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lei Nie
- School of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China.,Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Garg D, Matai I, Agrawal S, Sachdev A. Hybrid gum tragacanth/sodium alginate hydrogel reinforced with silver nanotriangles for bacterial biofilm inhibition. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:965-983. [PMID: 36519335 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2156286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial associated bacterial infections are indomitable to treatment due to the rise in antibiotic resistant strains, thereby triggering the need for new antibacterial agents. Herein, composite bactericidal hydrogels were formulated by incorporating silver nanotriangles (AgNTs) inside a hybrid polymer network of Gum Tragacanth/Sodium Alginate (GT/SA) hydrogels. Physico-chemical examination revealed robust mechanical strength, appreciable porosity and desirable in vitro enzymatic biodegradation of composite hydrogels. The antibacterial activity of AgNT-hydrogel was tested against planktonic and biofilm-forming Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. For all the strains, AgNT-hydrogel showed a dose-dependent decrease in bacterial growth. The addition of AgNT-hydrogels (40-80 mg ml-1) caused 87% inhibition of planktonic biomass and up to 74% reduction in biofilm formation. Overall, this study proposes a promising approach for designing antibacterial composite hydrogels to mitigate various forms of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Garg
- Materials Science & Sensor Application Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ishita Matai
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Punjab, Mohali, India
| | - Shruti Agrawal
- Materials Science & Sensor Application Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhay Sachdev
- Materials Science & Sensor Application Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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17
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Sanjaya GPH, Maliawan S. Chitosan as Bone Scaffold for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The reconstruction of bone defect in the face and head is indispensable yet one of the most challenging procedure to date. Chitosan has emerged as a promising low-cost natural biopolymer for the bone scaffold as an alternative to surgery. This study aims to review the effectiveness of chitosan as a bone scaffold for craniofacial bone regeneration.
Methods: This systematic review used Google Scholar and PubMed as database sources. Study selection using PRISMA diagram and Boolean operator to specify the study search. The quality assessment of the study used a checklist from Joanna Briggs Institute for experimental study.
Result: We included 18 experimental studies, both in vivo and in vitro study—the in vivo study used animal subjects such as mice, goats and rabbits. The studies mostly used chitosan combined with other biomaterials such as demineralized bone matrix (DBM), genipin (GP), sodium alginate (SA), resveratrol (Res), polycaprolactone (PCL) and collagen, growth factor and stem cells such as bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), dental pulp stem cell (DPSC), and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSC).
Conclusion: Chitosan is a natural polymer with promising osteoconductive, osteoinductive and osteo-integrative effects in bone regeneration. Chitosan utilization for bone scaffolds combined with other biomaterials, growth factors, or stem cells gives better bone regeneration results than chitosan alone.
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18
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Injectable hydrogels based on silk fibroin peptide grafted hydroxypropyl chitosan and oxidized microcrystalline cellulose for scarless wound healing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Wu Y, Lu Y, Zhao M, Bosiakov S, Li L. A Critical Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques and Associated Biomaterials Used in Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102117. [PMID: 35631999 PMCID: PMC9143308 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ability to fabricate complex structures while meeting individual needs, additive manufacturing (AM) offers unprecedented opportunities for bone tissue engineering in the biomedical field. However, traditional metal implants have many adverse effects due to their poor integration with host tissues, and therefore new material implants with porous structures are gradually being developed that are suitable for clinical medical applications. From the perspectives of additive manufacturing technology and materials, this article discusses a suitable manufacturing process for ideal materials for biological bone tissue engineering. It begins with a review of the methods and applicable materials in existing additive manufacturing technologies and their applications in biomedicine, introducing the advantages and disadvantages of various AM technologies. The properties of materials including metals and polymers, commonly used AM technologies, recent developments, and their applications in bone tissue engineering are discussed in detail and summarized. In addition, the main challenges for different metallic and polymer materials, such as biodegradability, anisotropy, growth factors to promote the osteogenic capacity, and enhancement of mechanical properties are also introduced. Finally, the development prospects for AM technologies and biomaterials in bone tissue engineering are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.)
- DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sergei Bosiakov
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Belarusian State University, No. 4 Nezavisimosti Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- Correspondence:
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20
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Sivakumar PM, Yetisgin AA, Sahin SB, Demir E, Cetinel S. Bone tissue engineering: Anionic polysaccharides as promising scaffolds. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 283:119142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Hamidi M, Okoro OV, Milan PB, Khalili MR, Samadian H, Nie L, Shavandi A. Fungal exopolysaccharides: Properties, sources, modifications, and biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Oliveira AS, Silva JC, Figueiredo L, Ferreira FC, Kotov NA, Colaço R, Serro AP. High-performance bilayer composites for the replacement of osteochondral defects. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5856-5875. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two novel bilayer constructs for the repair of osteochondral defects were developed from nanofibers and ceramic particles embedded into PVA matrices, exhibiting multiple promising properties similar to those of corresponding natural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - J. C. Silva
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Politécnico de Leiria, Rua de Portugal – Zona Industrial, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L. Figueiredo
- Bioceramed S.A., Rua José Gomes Ferreira 1 Arm. D, 2660-360 São Julião do Tojal, Portugal
| | - F. C. Ferreira
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N. A. Kotov
- Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R. Colaço
- Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. P. Serro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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23
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Liu S, Zhou X, Nie L, Wang Y, Hu Z, Okoro OV, Shavandi A, Fan L. Anisotropic PLGA microsphere/PVA hydrogel composite with aligned macroporous structures for directed cell adhesion and proliferation. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.2018317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Youli Wang
- Rizhao Biomedicine and New Materials Research, Wuhan University of Technology, Rizhao, China
| | - Zhihai Hu
- Rizhao Biomedicine and New Materials Research, Wuhan University of Technology, Rizhao, China
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles - BioMatter Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles - BioMatter Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lihong Fan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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24
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Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on three-dimensional scaffolds made by thermal sintering method. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Many soft tissues of the human body such as cartilages, muscles, and ligaments are mainly composed of biological hydrogels possessing excellent mechanical properties and delicate structures. Nowadays, bio-inspired hydrogels have been intensively explored due to their promising potential applications in tissue engineering. However, the traditional manufacturing technology is challenging to produce the bio-inspired hydrogels, and the typical biological composite topologies of bio-inspired hydrogels are accessible completed using 3D bioprinting at micrometer resolution. In this chapter, the 3D bioprinting techniques used for the fabrication of bio-inspired hydrogels were summarized, and the materials used were outlined. This chapter also focuses on the applications of bio-inspired hydrogels fabricated using available 3D bioprinting technologies. The development of 3D bioprinting techniques in the future would bring us closer to the fabrication capabilities of living organisms, which would be widely used in biomedical applications.
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26
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Zhao R, Yang R, Cooper PR, Khurshid Z, Shavandi A, Ratnayake J. Bone Grafts and Substitutes in Dentistry: A Review of Current Trends and Developments. Molecules 2021; 26:3007. [PMID: 34070157 PMCID: PMC8158510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After tooth loss, bone resorption is irreversible, leaving the area without adequate bone volume for successful implant treatment. Bone grafting is the only solution to reverse dental bone loss and is a well-accepted procedure required in one in every four dental implants. Research and development in materials, design and fabrication technologies have expanded over the years to achieve successful and long-lasting dental implants for tooth substitution. This review will critically present the various dental bone graft and substitute materials that have been used to achieve a successful dental implant. The article also reviews the properties of dental bone grafts and various dental bone substitutes that have been studied or are currently available commercially. The various classifications of bone grafts and substitutes, including natural and synthetic materials, are critically presented, and available commercial products in each category are discussed. Different bone substitute materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, or their combinations, and their chemical, physical, and biocompatibility properties are explored. Limitations of the available materials are presented, and areas which require further research and development are highlighted. Tissue engineering hybrid constructions with enhanced bone regeneration ability, such as cell-based or growth factor-based bone substitutes, are discussed as an emerging area of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusin Zhao
- Department of Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.Z.); (R.Y.); (P.R.C.)
| | - Ruijia Yang
- Department of Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.Z.); (R.Y.); (P.R.C.)
| | - Paul R. Cooper
- Department of Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.Z.); (R.Y.); (P.R.C.)
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter Unit—École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50—CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Jithendra Ratnayake
- Department of Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.Z.); (R.Y.); (P.R.C.)
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27
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Three-Dimensional Printing of Hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Application. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA-based nanocomposites have been recognized as ideal biomaterials in hard tissue engineering because of their compositional similarity to bioapatite. However, the traditional HA-based nanocomposites fabrication techniques still limit the utilization of HA in bone, cartilage, dental, applications, and other fields. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been shown to provide a fast, precise, controllable, and scalable fabrication approach for the synthesis of HA-based scaffolds. This review therefore explores available 3D printing technologies for the preparation of porous HA-based nanocomposites. In the present review, different 3D printed HA-based scaffolds composited with natural polymers and/or synthetic polymers are discussed. Furthermore, the desired properties of HA-based composites via 3D printing such as porosity, mechanical properties, biodegradability, and antibacterial properties are extensively explored. Lastly, the applications and the next generation of HA-based nanocomposites for tissue engineering are discussed.
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28
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Salama A. Recent progress in preparation and applications of chitosan/calcium phosphate composite materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:240-252. [PMID: 33631262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studying the development of unique materials from sustainable and renewable resources has gained increasing concern due to the depletion of fossil resources. Chitosan and its derivatives have been considered as versatile candidates for preparing attractive materials. The fabrication of chitosan/calcium phosphate composite compounds has received much attention for the development of numerous promising products in different fields. In this short review, recent preparation strategies for chitosan/calcium phosphate composites such as freeze casting, vacuum-assisted filtration, and biomimetic mineralization were discussed. The review presented their advances for diverse applications such as bone tissue engineering implants, drug delivery, wound healing, dental caries, as well adsorption of organic and heavy metals from polluted water. The challenges and future perspectives for the application of chitosan/calcium phosphate materials in biomedical and environmental applications were also involved in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salama
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth st., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
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29
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Oliveira ÉR, Nie L, Podstawczyk D, Allahbakhsh A, Ratnayake J, Brasil DL, Shavandi A. Advances in Growth Factor Delivery for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E903. [PMID: 33477502 PMCID: PMC7831065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortcomings related to the treatment of bone diseases and consequent tissue regeneration such as transplants have been addressed to some extent by tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering has promoted structures that can simulate the extracellular matrix and are capable of guiding natural bone repair using signaling molecules to promote osteoinduction and angiogenesis essential in the formation of new bone tissues. Although recent studies on developing novel growth factor delivery systems for bone repair have attracted great attention, taking into account the complexity of the extracellular matrix, scaffolding and growth factors should not be explored independently. Consequently, systems that combine both concepts have great potential to promote the effectiveness of bone regeneration methods. In this review, recent developments in bone regeneration that simultaneously consider scaffolding and growth factors are covered in detail. The main emphasis in this overview is on delivery strategies that employ polymer-based scaffolds for spatiotemporal-controlled delivery of both single and multiple growth factors in bone-regeneration approaches. From clinical applications to creating alternative structural materials, bone tissue engineering has been advancing constantly, and it is relevant to regularly update related topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Resende Oliveira
- Food Engineering Department, School of Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia CEP 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil;
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Daria Podstawczyk
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 4/6 Norwida Street, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran;
| | - Jithendra Ratnayake
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Dandara Lima Brasil
- Food Science Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras CEP 37200-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
| | - Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter Unit—École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50—CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Nie L, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Shi Q, Zhong S, Sun Y, Yang Z, Sun M, Politis C, Shavandi A. Silver‐doped biphasic calcium phosphate/alginate microclusters with antibacterial property and controlled doxorubicin delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences Xinyang Normal University Xinyang China
- Department of Imaging & Pathology University of Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Yaling Deng
- College of Intelligent Science and Control Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences Xinyang Normal University Xinyang China
| | - Qiuju Zhou
- Analysis and Testing Center Xinyang Normal University Xinyang China
| | - Qimin Shi
- OMFS‐IMPATH Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences KU Leuven and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Shengping Zhong
- OMFS‐IMPATH Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences KU Leuven and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Imaging & Pathology University of Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Zhong Yang
- College of Intelligent Science and Control Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing China
| | - Meng Sun
- College of Life Sciences Xinyang Normal University Xinyang China
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Constantinus Politis
- Department of Imaging & Pathology University of Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter unit ‐ École polytechnique de Bruxelles Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
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31
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Ma L, Su W, Ran Y, Ma X, Yi Z, Chen G, Chen X, Deng Z, Tong Q, Wang X, Li X. Synthesis and characterization of injectable self-healing hydrogels based on oxidized alginate-hybrid-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and carboxymethyl chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1164-1174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Jafari H, Lista A, Siekapen MM, Ghaffari-Bohlouli P, Nie L, Alimoradi H, Shavandi A. Fish Collagen: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications for Biomaterials Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2230. [PMID: 32998331 PMCID: PMC7601392 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of marine-based collagen is growing fast due to its unique properties in comparison with mammalian-based collagen such as no risk of transmitting diseases, a lack of religious constraints, a cost-effective process, low molecular weight, biocompatibility, and its easy absorption by the human body. This article presents an overview of the recent studies from 2014 to 2020 conducted on collagen extraction from marine-based materials, in particular fish by-products. The fish collagen structure, extraction methods, characterization, and biomedical applications are presented. More specifically, acetic acid and deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction methods for marine collagen isolation are described and compared. In addition, the effect of the extraction parameters (temperature, acid concentration, extraction time, solid-to-liquid ratio) on the yield of collagen is investigated. Moreover, biomaterials engineering and therapeutic applications of marine collagen have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafez Jafari
- BioMatter Unit—BTL, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alberto Lista
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Manuela Mafosso Siekapen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Boulevard de la Plaine 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Pejman Ghaffari-Bohlouli
- Nano-Biopolymers Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran;
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Houman Alimoradi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter Unit—BTL, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Nie L, Hou M, Wang T, Sun M, Hou R. Nanostructured selenium-doped biphasic calcium phosphate with in situ incorporation of silver for antibacterial applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13738. [PMID: 32792661 PMCID: PMC7427101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium-doped nanostructure has been considered as an attractive approach to enhance the antibacterial activity of calcium phosphate (CaP) materials in diverse medical applications. In this study, the selenium-doped biphasic calcium phosphate nanoparticles (SeB-NPs) were first synthesized. Then, silver was in situ incorporated into SeB-NPs to obtain nanostructured composite nanoparticles (AgSeB-NPs). Both SeB-NPs and AgSeB-NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectra. The results confirmed that the SeO32- was doped at the PO43- position and silver nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of SeB-NPs. Next, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis displayed that the prepared AgSeB-NPs had a needle-cluster-like morphology. CCK-8 analysis revealed SeB-NPs and AgSeB-NPs had good cytocompatibility with osteoblasts. The antibacterial activity of the prepared AgSeB-NPs was confirmed by using Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus. The above results manifested the significance of the final AgSeB-NPs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University (XYNU), Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Member of Flanders Make, KU Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven), 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mengjuan Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University (XYNU), Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University (XYNU), Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University (XYNU), Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
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Wang T, Zhang F, Zhao R, Wang C, Hu K, Sun Y, Politis C, Shavandi A, Nie L. Polyvinyl Alcohol/Sodium Alginate Hydrogels Incorporated with Silver Nanoclusters via Green Tea Extract for Antibacterial Applications. Des Monomers Polym 2020; 23:118-133. [PMID: 33029080 PMCID: PMC7473243 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2020.1804183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver-based nanoparticles and biomaterials have extensive biomedical applications owing to their unique antimicrobial properties. Thus, green and facile synthesis of such materials is highly desirable. This study reports an antibacterial hydrogel based on polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate network with the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which is greenly synthesized by reductive metabolites obtained from the leaves of green tea. The 'flower-shape' AgNPs were acquired, it formed a mono-disperse system with a distinct uniform interparticle separation. The average size of AgNPs varied from 129.5 to 243.6 nm, which could be regulated by using different volumes of the green tea extract. Zeta potentials of the AgNPs were from -39.3 mV to -20.3 mV, indicating the moderate stability of the particles in water. In the next stage, the antibacterial polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate hydrogels were fabricated by incorporating prepared AgNPs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed that the porous structure was obtained, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis confirmed that the AgNPs were uniformly dispersed in the polymer network. The hydrogels exhibited superior water absorption properties, which were characterized by a high swelling ratio (500-900%) and fast equilibrium. The hydrogels also exhibited good antimicrobial activity in assays with Gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. To sum up, a process for the green preparation of antibacterial hydrogels based on AgNPs derived from tea leaves as a conveniently available cheap local agricultural product was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, XinyangChina
| | - Can Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Kehui Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Constantinus Politis
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter Unit - École Polytechnique De Bruxelles, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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