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Li Z, Wang H, Yin Y. Peripheral inflammation is a potential etiological factor in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:99-120. [PMID: 37602685 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation could constitute a risk factor for AD. This review summarizes the research related to peripheral inflammation that appears to have a relationship with Alzheimer's disease. We find there are significant associations between AD and peripheral infection induced by various pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, and Toxoplasma gondii. Chronic inflammatory diseases are also reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of AD. The mechanisms by which peripheral inflammation affects the pathophysiology of AD are complex. Pathogen-derived neurotoxic molecule composition, disrupted BBB, and dysfunctional neurogenesis may all play a role in peripheral inflammation, promoting the development of AD. Anti-pathogenic medications and anti-inflammatory treatments are reported to decrease the risk of AD. Studies that could improve understanding the associations between AD and peripheral inflammation are needed. If our assumption is correct, early intervention against inflammation may be a potential method of preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yafu Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
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Patra P, Rani A, Sharma N, Mukherjee C, Jha HC. Unraveling the Connection of Epstein-Barr Virus and Its Glycoprotein M 146-157 Peptide with Neurological Ailments. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37290090 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be associated with several cancers along with neurological modalities like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous study from our group revealed that a 12 amino acid peptide fragment (146SYKHVFLSAFVY157) of EBV glycoprotein M (gM) exhibits amyloid-like self-aggregative properties. In the current study, we have investigated its effect on Aβ42 aggregation along with its effect on neural cell immunology and disease markers. EBV virion was also considered for the above-mentioned investigation. An increase in the aggregation of Aβ42 peptide was observed upon incubation with gM146-157. Further, the exposure of EBV and gM146-157 onto neuronal cells indicated the upregulation of inflammatory molecules like IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β that suggested neuroinflammation. Besides, host cell factors like mitochondrial potential and calcium ion signaling play a crucial role in cellular homeostasis and alterations in these factors aid in neurodegeneration. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential manifested a decrease while elevation in the level of total Ca2+ ions was observed. Amelioration of Ca2+ ions triggers excitotoxicity in neurons. Subsequently, neurological disease-associated genes APP, ApoE4, and MBP were found to be increased at the protein level. Additionally, demyelination of neurons is a hallmark of MS and the myelin sheath consists of ∼70% of lipid/cholesterol-associated moieties. Hereby, genes associated with cholesterol metabolism indicated changes at the mRNA level. Enhanced expression of neurotropic factors like NGF and BDNF was discerned postexposure to EBV and gM146-157. Altogether, this study delineates a direct connection of EBV and its peptide gM146-157 with neurological illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Annu Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Atomic Energy, Optical Coatings Laboratory, High Energy Lasers & Optics Section, Laser Technology Division, Laser Group, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chandrachur Mukherjee
- Department of Atomic Energy, Optical Coatings Laboratory, High Energy Lasers & Optics Section, Laser Technology Division, Laser Group, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Tiwari D, Singh VK, Baral B, Pathak DK, Jayabalan J, Kumar R, Tapryal S, Jha HC. Indication of Neurodegenerative Cascade Initiation by Amyloid-like Aggregate-Forming EBV Proteins and Peptide in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3957-3967. [PMID: 34609141 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotropic potential of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was demonstrated quite recently; however, the mechanistic details are yet to be explored. Therefore, the effects of EBV infection in the neural milieu remain underexplored. Previous reports have suggested the potential role of virus-derived peptides in seeding the amyloid-β aggregation cascade, which lies at the center of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. However, no such study has been undertaken to explore the role of EBV peptides in AD. In our research, ∼100 EBV proteins were analyzed for their aggregation proclivity in silico using bioinformatic tools, followed by the prediction of 20S proteasomal cleavage sites using online algorithms NetChop ver. 3.1 and Pcleavage, thereby mimicking the cellular proteasomal cleavage activity generating short antigenic peptides of viral origin. Our study reports a high aggregate-forming tendency of a 12-amino-acid-long (146SYKHVFLSAFVY157) peptide derived from EBV glycoprotein M (EBV-gM). The in vitro analysis of aggregate formation done using Congo red and Thioflavin-S assays demonstrated dose- and time-dependent kinetics. Thereafter, Raman spectroscopy was used to validate the formation of secondary structures (α helix, β sheets) in the aggregates. Additionally, cytotoxicity assay revealed that even a low concentration of these aggregates has a lethal effect on neuroblastoma cells. The findings of this study provide insights into the mechanistic role of EBV in AD and open up new avenues to explore in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Devesh Kumar Pathak
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Jesumony Jayabalan
- Nano Science Laboratory, MSS, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School
Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
- Centre for Advanced Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Suman Tapryal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
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Saumya KU, Gadhave K, Kumar A, Giri R. Zika virus capsid anchor forms cytotoxic amyloid-like fibrils. Virology 2021; 560:8-16. [PMID: 34020329 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Capsid-anchor (CA) of Zika virus (ZIKV) is a small, single-pass transmembrane sequence that separates the capsid (C) protein from downstream pre-membrane (PrM) protein. During polyprotein processing, CA is cleaved-off from C and PrM and left as a membrane-embedded peptide. CA plays an essential role in the assembly and maturation of the virus. However, its independent folding behavior is still unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the amyloid-forming propensity of CA at physiological conditions. We observed the aggregation behavior of CA peptide using dye-binding assays and ThT kinetics. The morphological analysis of CA aggregates explored by high-resolution microscopy (TEM, AFM) and Far-UV CD spectroscopy revealed characteristic amyloid-like fibrils rich in β-sheet secondary structure. Further, the effect on mammalian cells exhibited the cytotoxic nature of the CA amyloid-fibrils. Our findings collectively shed light on the amyloidogenic phenomenon of flaviviral protein, which may contribute to their infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Udit Saumya
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, School of Basic Sciences, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, School of Basic Sciences, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, School of Basic Sciences, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, School of Basic Sciences, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
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Michiels E, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of interactions between human amyloids and viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2485-2501. [PMID: 33244624 PMCID: PMC7690653 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins and their amyloid deposition in affected tissue in disease has been studied for decades assuming a sole pathogenic role of amyloids. It is now clear that amyloids can also encode important cellular functions, one of which involves the interaction potential of amyloids with microbial pathogens, including viruses. Human expressed amyloids have been shown to act both as innate restriction molecules against viruses as well as promoting agents for viral infectivity. The underlying molecular driving forces of such amyloid-virus interactions are not completely understood. Starting from the well-described molecular mechanisms underlying amyloid formation, we here summarize three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that have been proposed to drive amyloid-virus interactions. Viruses can indirectly drive amyloid depositions by affecting upstream molecular pathways or induce amyloid formation by a direct interaction with the viral surface or specific viral proteins. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapeutic interventions using the sequence specificity of amyloid interactions to drive viral interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Michiels
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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