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Gorokhovsky A, Burmistrov I, Kuznetsov D, Gusev A, Khaidarov B, Kiselev N, Boychenko E, Kolesnikov E, Prokopovich K, Konyukhov Y, Kravchenko M. Structure and Properties of the Xerogels Based on Potassium Silicate Liquid Glass and Urea. Molecules 2023; 28:5466. [PMID: 37513337 PMCID: PMC10384128 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The xerogels based on the aqueous solutions of urea in potassium silicate liquid glass (PSLG) were produced by CO2 bubbling and investigated. The structure and chemical composition of the obtained materials were analyzed. Using the SEM, XRD, IR-FT, DSC, and low energy local EDS analysis, it was recognized that the dried gels (xerogels) contained three forms of urea: oval crystals of regular shape appeared onto the surface of xerogel particles; fibrous crystals were located in the silicate matrix; and molecules/ions were incorporated into the silicate matrix. It was shown that an increase in [(NH2)2CO] in the gel-forming system promoted increased contents in crystalline forms of urea as well as the diameter of the fiber-shaped urea crystals. A rate of the urea release in water from the granulated xerogels containing 5.8, 12.6, and 17.9 wt.% of urea was determined by the photometric method. It was determined that the obtained urea-containing xerogels were characterized with a slow release of urea, which continued up to 120 days, and could be used as controlled release fertilizers containing useful nutrients (N, K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gorokhovsky
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Burmistrov
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Kuznetsov
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Bekzod Khaidarov
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kiselev
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Boychenko
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Kolesnikov
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Prokopovich
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Konyukhov
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim Kravchenko
- Moscow Power Engineering Institute, National Research University, 111250 Moscow, Russia
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Barbi S, Montorsi M, Maistrello L, Caldironi M, Barbieri L. Statistical optimization of a sustainable fertilizer composition based on black soldier fly larvae as source of nitrogen. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20505. [PMID: 36443376 PMCID: PMC9705433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a statistical optimization of a sustainable coating for core-shell NPK (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium) fertilizers was investigated. The environmental green coating was enriched in nitrogen using a biomass and renewable source, namely the nitrogen rich fraction of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia Illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on vegetable waste. A rational approach was proposed with the aim of calculating the best formulation of the coating, considering both its manufacturing behavior, such as adhesion to the core, and its physical properties, such as homogeneity or plasticity. From a circular economy perspective, together with the nitrogen-rich fraction from BSFL (from 51 to 90 wt.%), water and glycerol were considered for the coating formulation in different proportion: from 10 to 32 wt.% and from 0 to 17 wt.% respectively. The Design of Experiments technique was implemented to limit the total number of tests for the coating formulation (18 tests). ANOVA was employed, with the aim of obtaining mathematical models to derive a better precise and objective formulation. The results show that the use of glycerol can be avoided, as well as only a limited amount of water (11 wt.%) is necessary to obtain an optimized coating formulation, thereafter, satisfying the more relevant technological and physical properties for the coating manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Barbi
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Monia Montorsi
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Interdepartmental Center for Applied Research and Services in Advanced Mechanics and Motoring, INTER-MECH-Mo.Re., University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10/1, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Maistrello
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Interdepartmental Center for Agri-Food Biological Resources Improvement and Valorization, BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Matteo Caldironi
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Law, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via San Geminiano 3, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Luisa Barbieri
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Interdepartmental Center for Applied Research and Services in Advanced Mechanics and Motoring, INTER-MECH-Mo.Re., University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10/1, 41125 Modena, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10/1, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Suitability of Porous Inorganic Materials from Industrial Residues and Bioproducts for Use in Horticulture: A Multidisciplinary Approach. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study follows a circular economy approach through the preliminary implementation of a coated porous inorganic material (PIM), studied as sustainable controlled release fertilizer, and its application for lettuce Lactuca sativa L. cultivar Chiara growth. The PIM was made of pumice scraps that partially replaced clay as a natural raw material, spent coffee grounds as a porous agent, bovine bone ash and potassium carbonate to provide phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) nutrients, respectively. A coating made with defatted black soldier fly prepupae biomass was used as a nitrogen (N) source. Most of the ingredients used were industrial residues, with the aim of valorizing the raw waste materials present locally. The suitability of PIMs as a fertilizer was investigated with an interdisciplinary approach, which included the first chemical and physical characterization of the material, the evaluation of its antibacterial properties and of its use in horticulture through lettuce growth tests. As tests were carried out indoors, a specific LED lighting device was used to grow the lettuce. The release of nutrients into the soil was estimated by measuring the main elements in the fertilizers before and after their use in the soil. The first results from this characterization study support PIMs’ suitability for agronomic applications. The use of the PIMs suggested average higher dry weight (49%), fresh weight (112%), and leaf area (48%), compared to those with the use of a standard fertilizer soil, without the release of any dangerous element for the plant in the soil. These results are a promising beginning for the development of further studies already in progress on sustainable controlled-release fertilizers.
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Bindra P, Nagargade M, Sahu BK, Shukla SK, Pathak AD, Kaur K, Kumar P, Kataria S, Shanmugam V. Porous Silica Biofiber: A Reusable, Sustainable Fertilizer Reservoir. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4832-4839. [PMID: 35187303 PMCID: PMC8851452 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizers, namely urea, are prone to leaching that causes inefficiency in crop production and environmental pollution; hence porous particles were explored for slow release. Nevertheless, discrete particles add cost; therefore, jute cellulose has been tested as twine to tether silica together for reusability. On the other hand, silica serves as an exoskeleton to give pore memory property to cellulose, which otherwise is susceptible to loss of porosity during irrigation. The composite shows ∼70% more absorption capacity in the fifth cycle than the fiber without silica coating. The urea release kinetics shows only <1/3 and 3/4 of urea release from the jute-silica composite compared to naked porous silica and cellulose, respectively. The slow and sustained release of fertilizer from the composite results in a continuous increase in the chlorophyll content in rice crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulkit Bindra
- Institute
of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mona Nagargade
- Indian
Institute of Sugarcane Research, Raebareli Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Bandana Kumari Sahu
- Institute
of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Shukla
- Indian
Institute of Sugarcane Research, Raebareli Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Ashwini Dutt Pathak
- Indian
Institute of Sugarcane Research, Raebareli Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Institute
of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Prem Kumar
- Institute
of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sarita Kataria
- Institute
of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Vijayakumar Shanmugam
- Institute
of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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A New System of Sustainable Silico-Aluminous and Silicate Materials for Cultivation Purpose within Sustainable Buildings: Chemical-Physical, Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Properties. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the chemical-physical, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity properties of silico-aluminous and silicate materials for outdoor (green roof, planted walls) and indoor (urban farms, indoor microgreen gardens) cultivation purpose in a context of sustainable construction. Glasses and lightweight aggregates were tailored starting from waste, by-product, and post-consumer and bioproducts (packaging glass cullet, cattle bone flour ash, vegetable biomass ash, spent coffee ground, degreased from biomass of prepupae of Black Soldier Flies) mixed together with a national ferruginous red clay, quarry scrap pumice and, if necessary, with K2CO3 of reagent grade. The first type of material was obtained by melting at 1200 °C and the second one by powder sintering at 1000 °C. All specimens, subjected to antibacterial test, showed both low zone of inhibitions towards two Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. A cytotoxicity test on mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell line directly exposed to the investigated materials was performed at three different exposure times (1 h, 3 h, and 6 h). Data acquired highlighted that the materials positively affected redox mitochondrial activity of the fibroblast cells. The concentrations of leachate heavy metals detected on selected materials in water at room temperature after 24 h were lower than the European law limit and an interesting release of P, K, and N nutrients was noted for those formulations designed for agronomic purposes. pH, falling on average within the 6.5–7.5 range, is optimal for most crops, and the specific conductivity <2 dS/m indicates no depression danger for crops. Both bulk density <1200 kg/m3 and porosity over 50% seem to ensure good performance of lightening, drainage, water reservation, and oxygenation of the roots.
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Effects of Different LED Light Recipes and NPK Fertilizers on Basil Cultivation for Automated and Integrated Horticulture Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to optimize the conditions for “Genovese” basil (Ocimum Basilicum) germination and growth in an indoor environment suitable for horticulture through a synergic effect of light and fertilizers addition. In fact, several studies determined that specific light conditions are capable of enhancing basil growth, but this effect is highly dependent on the environmental conditions. In this study, the effect of different light sources was determined employing a soil with a negligible amount of fertilizer, demonstrating substantial improvement when light-emitting diode (LED) lights (hyper red and deep blue in different combinations) were applied with respect to daylight (Plants height: +30%, Total fresh mass: +50%). Thereafter, a design of experiment approach has been implemented to calculate the specific combination of LED lights and fertilizer useful to optimize the basil growth. A controlled-release fertilizer based on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) derived from agro-residues was compared with a soil enriched in macronutrients. The results demonstrate significant improvements for the growth parameters with the employment of the controlled-release NPK with respect to enriched soil combined with a ratio of hyper red and deep blue LED light equal to 1:3 (Total fresh mass: +100%, Leaves number: +20%).
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