1
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Burke JH, Bae DY, Wallick RF, Dykstra CP, Rossi TC, Smith LE, Leahy CA, Schaller RD, Mirica LM, Vura-Weis J, van der Veen RM. High-Spin State of a Ferrocene Electron Donor Revealed by Optical and X-ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39051542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Ferrocene is one of the most common electron donors, and mapping its ligand-field excited states is critical to designing donor-acceptor (D-A) molecules with long-lived charge transfer states. Although 3(d-d) states are commonly invoked in the photophysics of ferrocene complexes, mention of the high-spin 5(d-d) state is scarce. Here, we provide clear evidence of 5(d-d) formation in a bimetallic D-A molecule, ferrocenyl cobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate ([FcCc]PF6). Femtosecond optical transient absorption (OTA) spectroscopy reveals two distinct electronic excited states with 30 and 500 ps lifetimes. Using a combination of ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared probe pulses, we capture the spectral features of these states over an ultrabroadband range spanning 320 to 2200 nm. Time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the lowest triplet and quintet states, both primarily Fe(II) (d-d) in character, qualitatively agree with the experimental OTA spectra, allowing us to assign the 30 ps state as the 3(d-d) state and the 500 ps state as the high-spin 5(d-d) state. To confirm the ferrocene-centered high-spin character of the 500 ps state, we performed X-ray transient absorption (XTA) spectroscopy at the Fe and Co K edges. The Fe K-edge XTA spectrum at 150 ps shows a red shift of the absorption edge that is consistent with an Fe(II) high-spin state, as supported by ab initio calculations. The transient signal detected at the Co K-edge is 50× weaker, confirming the ferrocene-centered character of the excited state. Fitting of the transient extended X-ray absorption fine structure region yields an Fe-C bond length increase of 0.25 ± 0.1 Å in the excited state, as expected for the high-spin state based on DFT. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the high-spin state of ferrocene should be considered when designing donor-acceptor assemblies for photocatalysis and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dae Young Bae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rachel F Wallick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Conner P Dykstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thomas C Rossi
- Department of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Laura E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Clare A Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Renske M van der Veen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Godard A, Galán LA, Rouillon J, Al Shehimy S, Tajani W, Cave C, Malacea-Kabbara R, Rousselin Y, Le Gendre P, Fihey A, Bendellaa M, Busser B, Sancey L, Le Guennic B, Bucher C, Maury O, Goze C, Bodio E. Al(III) and Ga(III) Bisphenolate Azadipyrromethene-Based “N 2O 2” Complexes as Efficient NIR-Fluorophores. Inorg Chem 2022; 62:5067-5080. [PMID: 36541863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aza-boron-dipyrromethenes (Aza-BODIPYs) are an increasingly studied class of fluorophores. They can be seen as an azadipyrromethene ("aza-DIPY") ligand rigidified by a metalloid, a boron atom. Based on this idea, a series of complexes of group 13 metals (aluminum and gallium) have been synthesized and characterized. The impact of the metal and of the nature of the substituents of aza-DIPY core were investigated. The photophysical and electrochemical properties were determined, and an X-ray structure of an azaGaDIPY was obtained. These data reveal that azaGaDIPY and azaAlDIPY exhibit significant red-shifted fluorescence compared to their analogue aza-BODIPY. Their emission can go up to 800 nm for the maximum emission length and up to NIR-II for the emission tail. This, associated with their electrochemical stability (no metal release whether oxidized or reduced) makes them a promising class of fluorophores for optical medical imaging. Moreover, X-ray structure and molecular modeling studies have shown that this redshift seems to be more due to the geometry around the boron/metal than to the nature of the metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Godard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laura Abad Galán
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Jean Rouillon
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Wassima Tajani
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Charlotte Cave
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Raluca Malacea-Kabbara
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Yoann Rousselin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Le Gendre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Fihey
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mohamed Bendellaa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Busser
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Sancey
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christine Goze
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ewen Bodio
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, F-21000 Dijon, France
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3
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Zatsikha YV, Shamova LI, Shepit M, Berry SM, Thomas F, Herbert DE, van Lierop J, Nemykin VN. Radical Complexes of Nickel(II)/Copper(II) and Redox Non‐innocent MB‐DIPY Ligands: Unusual Stability and Strong Near‐Infrared Absorption at
λ
max
∼1300 nm. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201181. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2 N2 Canada
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Liliya I. Shamova
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2 N2 Canada
| | - Michael Shepit
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2 N2 Canada
| | - Steven M. Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota–Duluth Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | | | - David E. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2 N2 Canada
| | - Johan van Lierop
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2 N2 Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2 N2 Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee–Knoxville Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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4
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Schrage BR, Ermilov E, Nemykin VN. Transient Absorption Spectra of Metal‐Free and Transition‐Metal 5,10,15,20‐Tetraferrocene Porphyrins: Influence of the Central Metal Ion, Solvent Polarity, and the Axial Ferrocene Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- University of Tennessee System: The University of Tennessee System Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- University of Tennessee System: The University of Tennessee System Department of Chemistry 1420 Circle Drive 37996 Knoxville UNITED STATES
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5
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Mondal R, Braun JD, Sidhu BK, Nevonen DE, Nemykin VN, Herbert DE. Catalytic Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor-Donor (D-A-D) and Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor (D-A-A) Pyrimidine-Ferrocenes via Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling: Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Communication. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jason D. Braun
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Baldeep K. Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - David E. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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6
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Vecchi A, Sabin JR, Sabuzi F, Conte V, Cicero DO, Floris B, Galloni P, Nemykin VN. Similar, Yet Different: Long-Range Metal-Metal Coupling and Electron-Transfer Processes in Metal-Free 5,10,15,20-Tetra(ruthenocenyl)porphyrin. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8227-8241. [PMID: 34033715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure, redox properties, and long-range metal-metal coupling in metal-free 5,10,15,20-tetra(ruthenocenyl)porphyrin (H2TRcP) were probed by spectroscopic (NMR, UV-vis, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)), electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry, CV, and differential pulse voltammetry, DPV), spectroelectrochemical, and chemical oxidation methods, as well as theoretical (density functional theory, DFT, and time-dependent DFT, TDDFT) approaches. It was demonstrated that the spectroscopic properties of H2TRcP are significantly different from those in H2TFcP (metal-free 5,10,15,20-tetra(ferrocenyl)porphyrin). Ruthenocenyl fragments in H2TRcP have higher oxidation potentials than the ferrocene groups in the H2TFcP complex. Similar to H2TFcP, we were able to access and spectroscopically characterize the one- and two-electron oxidized mixed-valence states in the H2TRcP system. DFT predicts that the porphyrin π-system stabilizes the [H2TRcP]+ mixed-valence cation and prevents its dimerization, which is characteristic for ruthenocenyl systems. However, formation of the mixed-valence [H2TRcP]2+ is significantly less reproducible than the formation of [H2TRcP]+. DFT and TDDFT calculations suggest the ruthenocenyl fragment dominance in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy region and the presence of the low-energy MLCT (Rc → porphyrin (π*)) transitions in the visible region with energies higher than the predominantly porphyrin-centered Q-bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vecchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Jared R Sabin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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7
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Zatsikha YV, Shamova LI, Herbert DE, Nemykin VN. β‐Isoindigo‐azaDIPYs: Fully Conjugated Hybrid Systems with Broad Absorption in the Visible Region. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Liliya I. Shamova
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - David E. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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8
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Zatsikha YV, Shamova LI, Herbert DE, Nemykin VN. β-Isoindigo-azaDIPYs: Fully Conjugated Hybrid Systems with Broad Absorption in the Visible Region. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12304-12307. [PMID: 33567112 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A one-step synthetic pathway for the preparation of fully conjugated β-isoindigo-azaDIPY hybrid chromophores comprised of β-isoindigo and azadipyrromethene moieties is reported. The target compounds were characterized by spectroscopic, crystallographic, and theoretical methods and show unprecedented broad absorption across the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The X-ray crystal structure of the octa(n-butyl)-β-isoindigo-azaDIPY derivative revealed that a trans-configuration of the β-isoindigo fragment accompanies a planar conjugated core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liliya I Shamova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David E Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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9
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Zatsikha YV, Shamova LI, Nemykin VN. Environmentally Benign Route for Scalable Preparation of 1-Imino-3-thioisoindolines-The Key Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Dithio- and Diamino-β-isoindigo Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4733-4746. [PMID: 33688739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A one-step, gram-scale protocol for the preparation of 1-imino-3-thioisoindolines and a novel one-pot two-step methodology of the synthesis of dithio- or diamino-β-isoindigo derivatives starting from phthalonitriles and sodium hydrosulfide in an aprotic dipolar solvent have been developed. It was demonstrated that the electronic properties of the substituent(s) in the phthalonitrile core play a critical role in β-isoindigo synthesis resulting either in the selective formation of dithio- or diamino-β-isoindigo chromophores. The N-acylated 1-imino-3-thioisoindolines can be used for the direct, easily scalable, and chromatography-free procedure for the preparation of a new class of N,N'-diacylamino-β-isoindigoid compounds. Properties of the monomeric as well as J-aggregated forms of dithio- and diamino-β-isoindigo were probed by the absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. It was demonstrated that the tetracyano-diamino-β-isoindigo 3f can form a J-aggregate that absorbs at 793 nm and fluoresces at 824 nm. This aggregate is stable in N,N-dimethylformamide solution; however, it slowly dissociates in tetrahydrofuran or under sonication conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations were employed to elucidate the electronic structures, spectroscopic properties, and aggregation of new dithio- and diamino-β-isoindigo derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liliya I Shamova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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10
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Shamova LI, Zatsikha YV, Nemykin VN. Synthesis pathways for the preparation of the BODIPY analogues: aza-BODIPYs, BOPHYs and some other pyrrole-based acyclic chromophores. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1569-1593. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03964k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes the synthesis strategies for the preparation and post-functionalization of aza-BODIPYs, BOPHYs, “half-Pcs”, biliazines, MB-DIPYs, semihemiporphyrazines, BOIMPYs, BOPPYs, BOPYPYs, BOAHYs, and BOAPYs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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