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Kumar K, Thakur D, Karmakar A, Patra S, Kumar A, Banik S, Ghosh S. Indolo[3,2- a]carbazoles as Engineered Materials for Optoelectronic Applications: Synthesis, Structural Insights, and Computational Screening. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38754107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The biological and medicinal importance of indolocarbazoles has been known for the past several decades. However, in recent times, these compounds have been emerging as potential candidates for optoelectronic applications, although several challenges are associated with their synthesis. We report here a Pd(II)-catalyzed process for the synthesis of indolo[3,2-a]carbazoles. The reaction proceeded under neat conditions and in the presence of aqueous nonmetallic oxidant TBHP, and the products were purified directly after the completion of the reaction. Also, the possibility of employing the present method for reaction with gram-scale feed was investigated. A detailed single-crystal analysis of several indolo[3,2-a]carbazoles revealed how the molecular arrangement can be tuned by altering the functionalization. Finally, the developed molecules were screened computationally to assess their potential for possible use as hole transport materials (HTMs) for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, Mandi 175005, India
| | - Diksha Thakur
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, Mandi 175005, India
| | - Anirban Karmakar
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Subhendu Patra
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, Mandi 175005, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, Mandi 175005, India
| | - Subrata Banik
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, Mandi 175005, India
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Kumar K, Sharma D, Thakur D, Karmakar A, Yang HW, Jayakumar J, Banik S, Jou JH, Ghosh S. Sterically Crowded Donor-Rich Imidazole Systems as Hole Transport Materials for Solution-Processed OLEDs. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5137-5150. [PMID: 38412064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Imidazole, being an interesting dinitrogenic five-membered heterocyclic core, has been widely explored during the last several decades for developing various fascinating materials. Among the different domains where imidazole-based materials find wide applications, the area of optoelectronics has seen an overwhelming growth of functional imidazole derivatives developed through remarkable design and synthesis strategies. The present work reports a design approach for integrating bulky donor units at the four terminals of an imidazole core, leading to the development of sterically populated imidazole-based molecular platforms with interesting structural features. Rationally chosen starting substrates led to the incorporation of a bulky donor at the four terminals of the imidazole core. In addition, homo- and cofunctional molecular systems were synthesized through a suitable combination of initial ingredients. Our approach was extended to develop a series of four molecular systems, i.e., Cz3PhI, Cz4I, Cz3PzI, and TPA3CzI, containing carbazole, phenothiazine, and triphenylamine as known efficient donors at the periphery. Given their interesting structural features, three sterically crowded molecules (Cz4I, Cz3PzI, and TPA3CzI) were screened by using DFT and TD-DFT calculations to investigate their potential as hole transport materials (HTMs) for optoelectronic devices. The theoretical studies on several aspects including hole reorganization and exciton binding energies, ionization potential, etc., revealed their potential as possible candidates for the hole transport layer of OLEDs. Single-crystal analysis of Cz3PhI and Cz3PzI established interesting structural features including twisted geometries, which may help attain high triplet energy. Finally, the importance of theoretical predictions was established by fabricating two solution-process green phosphorescent OLED devices using TPA3CzI and Cz3PzI as HTMs. The fabricated devices exhibited good EQE/PE and CE of ∼15%/56 lm/W/58 cd/A and ∼13%/47 lm/W/50 cd/A, respectively, at 100 cd/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Dipanshu Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Diksha Thakur
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Anirban Karmakar
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rosvisco Pais, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Hong-Wei Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jayachandran Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Subrata Banik
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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Kumar K. Charge transporting and thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials for OLED applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3711-3754. [PMID: 38221898 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03214k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of effective charge transporting (CT) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are in high demand to obtain high-performing OLED devices. Recently, the significant development in the field of OLEDs has led to the creation of numerous charge transporting and TADF materials with diverse structures. To further improve the device performance, a better understanding of the structural characteristics and structure-property relationships of these materials is essential. Moreover, to enhance the efficiency of OLEDs, all the electrogenerated excitons should be constrained in EMLs. The TADF mechanism can theoretically register 100% IQE through a potent up-conversion method from non-radiative triplet excitons to radiative singlet excitons. In this review, the structural importance, classification, physical properties, and electroluminescence data of some recent charge transporting and TADF materials are summarized and discussed. Moreover, their molecular structural dependence on functional groups and linkers is classified, which can enhance their charge transporting or emitting ability. To offer a potential roadmap for the further development of charge transporting and TADF materials, it is hoped that this study will encourage researchers to acknowledge their important role in OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India.
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Niranjan R, Prasad GD, Achankunju S, Arockiaraj M, Velumani K, Nachimuthu K, Sundramoorthy AK, Neogi I, Nallasivam JL, Rajeshkumar V, Mahadevegowda SH. Multicomponent Reaction Based Tolyl-substituted and Pyrene-Pyridine Conjugated Isomeric Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes: A Comparative Investigation of Photophysical and Hg(II)-Sensing Behaviors. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03467-x. [PMID: 37864613 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis of pyrene conjugated 2,6-di-ortho-tolylpyridine and 2,6-di-para-tolylpyridine structural isomers were achieved efficiently through multicomponent Chichibabin pyridine synthesis reaction. The DFT, TD-DFT and experimental investigations were carried out to investigate the photophysical behaviors of the synthesized novel pyrene-pyridine based isomeric probes. Our studies revealed that, due to the continuous conjugation of the pyrene, pyridine and tolyl moieties, the dihedral angles of the trisubstituents on the central pyridine moiety significantly influences the photophysical properties of the synthesized novel pyrene based fluorescent probes. Further, we have comparatively investigated the sensing behaviors of the synthesized tolyl-substituted isomeric ratiometric fluorescent probes with metal ions, our studies reveals that both the ortho and para tolyl ratiometric fluorescent probes have distinct photoemissive properties in selectively sensing of Hg2+ ions. Our studies indicates that, the para-tolyl substituted isomer displays more red-shift in wavelength of emission band compared to its ortho isomer analogue during ratiometric fluorescent specific detection of Hg2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Niranjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, 534101, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - G Durga Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, 534101, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Simi Achankunju
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Mariyaraj Arockiaraj
- Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Kotteswaran Velumani
- Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthika Nachimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok K Sundramoorthy
- Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ishita Neogi
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Jothi L Nallasivam
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatachalam Rajeshkumar
- Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanumakonda, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Surendra H Mahadevegowda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, 534101, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Kumar K, Kesavan KK, Kumar S, Banik S, Jayakumar J, Hong LY, Hung LY, Nagar MR, Jou JH, Ghosh S. Decorated pyridine as hole transporting material (HTM) for solution-processed OLEDs. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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