1
|
Singh N, Chakravarti R, Das A, Gupta S, Ghosh D, Datta P. A Lipophilic Salt Form to Enhance the Lipid Solubility and Certain Biopharmaceutical Properties of Lapatinib. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3921-3935. [PMID: 38935681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Lapatinib (LTP) commercially available as lapatinib ditosylate (LTP-DTS) salt is the only drug approved for the treatment of HER-positive metastatic breast cancer. A low and pH-dependent solubility results in poor and variable oral bioavailability, thus driving significant interest in molecular modification and formulation strategies of the drug. Furthermore, due to very high crystallinity, LTP and LTP-DTS have low solubility in lipid excipients, making it difficult to be delivered by lipid-based carrier systems. Thus, the present work reports a new salt form of LTP with a docusate counterion to enhance the pharmaceutical properties of the drug (LTP-DOC). NMR spectra showed a downfield shift of the methylene singlet proton from 3.83 and 4.41 ppm, indicating a lowering of electron density on the adjacent nitrogen atom and confirming the formation of amine-sulfonyl salt through the specified basic nitrogen center located adjacent to the furan ring. PXRD diffractograms of LTP-DOC indicated a reduced crystallinity of the prepared salt. The dissolution, equilibrium solubility, lipid excipient solubility, partitioning coefficient, distribution coefficient, tabletability, and in vitro cytotoxicity of the lipophilic salt of LTP were investigated. The equilibrium solubility data showed that LTP-DOC possesses a pH-independent solubility profile in the pH range of 3.5 to 7.4 with a 3.14 times higher permeability coefficient than commercial ditosylate salt. Furthermore, the prepared LTP-DOC salts showed twice higher log P than the free base and 8 times higher than LTP-DTS. The prepared LTP-DOC was found to have 4- to 9-fold higher solubility in lipid excipients like Capmul MCM C8 and Maisine CC compared to the ditosylate salt. The LTP-DOC salt was tabletable and showed approximately 1.2 times lower dissolution than commercial ditosylate salt, indicating extended-release behavior. A cytotoxicity study of LTP-DOC salt showed an approximately 2.5 times lower IC50 value than the LTP-free base and 1.7 times lower than commercial ditosylate salt with an approximately 3 times higher selectivity index. The investigations strongly indicate a high translational potential of the prepared salt form in maintaining solubility-lipophilicity interplay, enhancing the drug's bioavailability, and developing lipidic formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Polymer-based Medical Devices and Complex Drug Delivery Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, Jadavpur 700032, India
| | - Rudra Chakravarti
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, Jadavpur 700032, India
| | - Arka Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sreya Gupta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, Jadavpur 700032, India
| | - Pallab Datta
- Polymer-based Medical Devices and Complex Drug Delivery Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, Jadavpur 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crossley P, Sutar Y, Tsoy I, Mukkirwar S, Łaniewski P, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Date AA. Development of phenyllactic acid ionic liquids and evaluation of cytotoxicity to human cervical epithelial cells. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16083-16092. [PMID: 38765482 PMCID: PMC11100303 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01812e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenyllactic acid (PLA), is a naturally produced, broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound with activity against bacteria and fungi. PLA can be produced by a variety of lactic acid bacteria, including vaginal Lactobacillus species, which are healthy constituents of the vaginal microbiome with a protective role against invading pathogenic bacteria and/or fungi. Additionally, PLA has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, overall indicating its therapeutic potential as an intravaginally delivered compound for modulation of the vaginal microbiome. However, PLA has low kinetic solubility in water. Hence, strategies to improve the solubility of PLA are necessary to facilitate its intravaginal delivery. Using biocompatible cations, choline and carnitine, we successfully transformed both d- and l-enantiomers of crystalline PLA into amorphous low-melting ionic liquids (ILs) with high water solubility. We further evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of PLA ILs to human cervical epithelial cells. Microscopic visualisation of cellular morphology using crystal violet staining and MTT cell proliferation assay revealed that PLA ILs result in minimal morphological changes and low cytotoxicity to human cervical epithelial cells. Overall, we successfully demonstrated that transforming PLA into ILs efficiently enhances its solubility in water and these formulations are not toxic to human epithelial cells. This investigation lays the groundwork for future testing of PLA ILs for their antimicrobial properties and metabolic activity within the cervicovaginal microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Crossley
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath Bath UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Yogesh Sutar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Irina Tsoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Srushti Mukkirwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Paweł Łaniewski
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona Phoenix AZ USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona Phoenix AZ USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Abhijit A Date
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sirvi A, Jadhav K, Sangamwar AT. Enabling superior drug loading in lipid-based formulations with lipophilic salts for a brick dust molecule: Exploration of lipophilic counterions and in vitro-in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124108. [PMID: 38604540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LbFs) are an extensively used approach for oral delivery of poorly soluble drug compounds in the form of lipid suspension and lipid solution. However, the high target dose and inadequate lipid solubility limit the potential of brick dust molecules to be formulated as LbFs. Thus, the complexation of such molecules with a lipophilic counterion can be a plausible approach to improve the solubility in lipid-based solutions via reducing drug crystallinity and polar surface area. The study aimed to enhance drug loading in lipid solution for Nilotinib (Nil) through complexation or salt formation with different lipophilic counterions. We synthesized different lipophilic salts/ complexes via metathesis reactions and confirmed their formation by 1H NMR and FTIR. Docusate-based lipophilic salt showed improved solubility in medium-chain triglycerides (∼7 to 7.5-fold) and long-chain triglycerides (∼30 to 35-fold) based lipids compared to unformulated crystalline Nil. The increased lipid solubility could be attributed to the reduction in drug crystallinity which was further confirmed by the PXRD and DSC. Prototype LbFs were prepared to evaluate drug loading and their physicochemical characteristics. The findings suggested that structural features of counterion including chain length and lipophilicity affect the drug loading in LbF. In addition, physical stability testing of formulations was performed, inferring that aliphatic sulfate-based LbFs were stable with no sign of drug precipitation or salt disproportionation. An in vitro lipolysis-permeation study revealed that the primary driver of absorptive flux is the solubilization of the drug and reduced amount of lipid. Further, the in vivo characterization was conducted to measure the influence of increased drug load on oral bioavailability. Overall, the results revealed enhanced absorption of lipophilic salt-based LbF over unformulated crystalline Nil and conventional LbF (drug load equivalent to equilibrium solubility) which supports the idea that lipophilic salt-based LbF enhances drug loading, and supersaturation-mediated drug solubilization, unlocking the full potential of LbF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sirvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Karan Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun X, Wu L, Du L, Xu W, Han M. Targeting the organelle for radiosensitization in cancer radiotherapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2024; 19:100903. [PMID: 38590796 PMCID: PMC10999375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2024.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a well-established cytotoxic therapy for local solid cancers, utilizing high-energy ionizing radiation to destroy cancer cells. However, this method has several limitations, including low radiation energy deposition, severe damage to surrounding normal cells, and high tumor resistance to radiation. Among various radiotherapy methods, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has emerged as a principal approach to improve the therapeutic ratio of malignancies and reduce lethality to surrounding normal tissue, but it remains deficient in terms of insufficient boron accumulation as well as short retention time, which limits the curative effect. Recently, a series of radiosensitizers that can selectively accumulate in specific organelles of cancer cells have been developed to precisely target radiotherapy, thereby reducing side effects of normal tissue damage, overcoming radioresistance, and improving radiosensitivity. In this review, we mainly focus on the field of nanomedicine-based cancer radiotherapy and discuss the organelle-targeted radiosensitizers, specifically including nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. Furthermore, the organelle-targeted boron carriers used in BNCT are particularly presented. Through demonstrating recent developments in organelle-targeted radiosensitization, we hope to provide insight into the design of organelle-targeted radiosensitizers for clinical cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sun
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linjie Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Afliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Afliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jadhav K, Sirvi A, Janjal A, Kashyap MC, Sangamwar AT. Utilization of Lipophilic Salt and Phospholipid Complex in Lipid-Based Formulations to Modulate Drug Loading and Oral Bioavailability of Pazopanib. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:59. [PMID: 38472682 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pazopanib hydrochloride (PAZ) displays strong intermolecular interaction in its crystal lattice structure, limiting its solubility and dissolution. The development of lipid-based formulations (LbFs) resulted in reduced PAZ loading due to solid-state mediated low liposolubility. This study aims to enhance our understanding of PAZ crystallinity by synthesizing a lipophilic salt and phospholipid complex and investigating its impact on the drug loading in LbFs. The synthesized pazopanib lipophilic salt and phospholipid complex were extensively characterized. The solid form of pazopanib docusate (PAZ-DOC) and pazopanib phospholipid complex (PAZ-PLC) indicates a reduction in characteristic diffraction peaks of crystalline PAZ. The lipid formulations were prepared using synthesized PAZ-DOC and PAZ-PLC, where PAZ-DOC demonstrated six fold higher drug solubility than the commercial salt form and twice that of the PAZ-PLC due to differences in the crystallinity. Further, the impact of salt and complex formation was assessed on the aqueous drug solubilization using lipolysis and multimedia dissolution experiments. Moreover, the LbFs showed notably faster dissolution compared to the crystalline PAZ and marketed tablet. In terms of in vivo pharmacokinetics, the PAZ-DOC LbF exhibited a remarkable 11-fold increase in AUC value compared to the crystalline PAZ and a 2.5-fold increase compared to Votrient®. Similarly, PAZ-PLC LbF showed an approximately nine fold increase in drug exposure compared to the crystalline PAZ, and a 2.2-fold increase compared to Votrient®. These findings suggest that disrupting the crystallinity of drugs and incorporating them into LbF could be advantageous for enhancing drug loading and overcoming limitations related to drug absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Arvind Sirvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Akash Janjal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Mahesh C Kashyap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Longre S, Rana D, Rangra S, Jindal AB, Salave S, Vitore J, Benival D. Quality-by-Design Based Development of Doxycycline Hyclate-Loaded Polymeric Microspheres for Prolonged Drug Release. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:49. [PMID: 38424393 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores a novel approach to address the challenges of delivering highly water-soluble drug molecules by employing hydrophobic ion-pairing (HIP) complexes within poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. The HIP complex, formed between doxycycline hyclate (DH) and docusate sodium (DS), renders the drug hydrophobic. The development of the microspheres was done using the QbD approach, namely, Box-Behnken Design (BBD). A comprehensive characterization of the HIP complex confirmed the successful conversion of DH. DH and the HIP complex were effectively loaded into PLGA microspheres using the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. Results demonstrated significant improvements in percentage entrapment efficiency (% EE) and drug loading (% DL) for DH within the HIP complex-loaded PLGA microspheres compared to DH-loaded microspheres alone. Additionally, the initial burst release of DH reduced to 3% within the initial 15 min, followed by sustained drug release over 8 days. The modified HIP complex strategy offers a promising platform for improving the delivery of highly water-soluble small molecules. It provides high % EE, % DL, minimal initial burst release, and sustained release, thus having the potential to enhance patient compliance and drug delivery efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Longre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Shagun Rangra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Anil B Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jyotsna Vitore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sutar Y, Singh SK, Dhoble S, Mali J, Adams J, Yadavalli T, Date AA, Shukla D. Oral Self-Nanoemulsifying System Containing Ionic Liquid of BX795 Is Effective against Genital HSV-2 Infection in Mice. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:93-106. [PMID: 37807721 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BX795 is an emerging drug candidate that has shown a lot of promise as a next-generation non-nucleoside antiviral agent for the topical treatment of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections. Our studies indicated that BX795 has limited oral bioavailability, which could be attributed to its low and pH-dependent solubility. Lipid-based formulations such as self-nanoemulsifying systems (SNESs) can improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of BX795, but the poor lipid solubility of BX795 further limits the development of SNES. To improve the loading of BX795 into SNES, we evaluated the ability of various bulky and biocompatible anions to transform BX795 into an ionic liquid (IL) with higher lipid solubility. Our studies showed that sodium lauryl sulfate and docusate sodium were able to transform BX795 into IL. Compared to pure BX795, the developed BX795 ILs showed differential in vitro cytocompatibility to HeLa cells but exhibited similar in vitro antiviral activity against HSV-2. Interestingly, BX795 docusate (BX795-Doc), an IL of BX795 with ∼135-fold higher lipid solubility than pure BX795, could be successfully incorporated into an SNES, and the developed BX795-Doc-SNES could readily form nanoemulsions of size ≤200 nm irrespective of the pH of the buffer used for dilution. Our in vitro studies showed that BX795-Doc-SNES retained the inherent antiviral activity against HSV-2 and showed similar in vitro cytocompatibility, indicating the availability of BX795 from the SNES in vitro. Finally, orally delivered SNES containing BX795-Doc showed a significant reduction in HSV-2 infection in mice compared to the untreated control. Thus, the transformation of BX795 into IL and the subsequent incorporation of the BX795 IL into the SNES are an effective strategy to improve oral therapy of genital herpes infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Sutar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Sudhanshu Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sagar Dhoble
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jaishree Mali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Joseph Adams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Abhijit A Date
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85711, United States
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Costa FMS, Granja A, Pérez RL, Warner IM, Reis S, Passos MLC, Saraiva MLMFS. Fluoroquinolone-Based Organic Salts (GUMBOS) with Antibacterial Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15714. [PMID: 37958698 PMCID: PMC10650486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a silent pandemic considered a public health concern worldwide. Strategic therapies are needed to replace antibacterials that are now ineffective. One approach entails the use of well-known antibacterials along with adjuvants that possess non-antibiotic properties but can extend the lifespan and enhance the effectiveness of the treatment, while also improving the suppression of resistance. In this regard, a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) presents an alternative to this problem allowing the combination of antibacterials with adjuvants. Fluoroquinolones are a family of antibacterials used to treat respiratory and urinary tract infections with broad-spectrum activity. Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin-based GUMBOS were synthesized via anion exchange reactions with lithium and sodium salts. Structural characterization, thermal stability and octanol/water partition ratios were evaluated. The antibacterial profiles of most GUMBOS were comparable to their cationic counterparts when tested against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli, except for deoxycholate anion, which demonstrated the least effective antibacterial activity. Additionally, some GUMBOS were less cytotoxic to L929 fibroblast cells and non-hemolytic to red blood cells. Therefore, these agents exhibit promise as an alternative approach to combining drugs for treating infections caused by resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio M. S. Costa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Andreia Granja
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Rocío L. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.L.P.); (I.M.W.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.L.P.); (I.M.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Marieta L. C. Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - M. Lúcia M. F. S. Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Çelik B, Buran Uğur S, Baran M, Gündüz MG, Keskin S, Önder GÖ, Bitgen N, Kaya S, Doğan ŞD. Semicarbazides Carrying Indole Core: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity Evaluation against Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines, and Molecular Modeling Studies. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300609. [PMID: 37423889 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report the synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel indole-carrying semicarbazide derivatives (IS1-IS15). The target molecules were obtained by the reaction of aryl/alkyl isocyanates with 1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide that was in-house synthesized from 1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid. Following structural characterization by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and HR-MS, IS1-IS15 were investigated for their cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. According to the data obtained from the MTT assay, phenyl ring with a lipophilic group at its para-position and alkyl moiety were preferential substituents on the indole-semicarbazide scaffold for antiproliferative activity. The effect of IS12 (N-(4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(1H-indole-2-carbonyl)hydrazine-1-carboxamide), the compound that demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activity on both cell lines, was also evaluated on the apoptotic pathway. Moreover, the calculation of critical descriptors constituting drug-likeness confirmed the position of the selected compounds in the anticancer drug development process. Finally, molecular docking studies suggested the inhibition of tubulin polymerization as the potential activity mechanism of this class of molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Çelik
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Buran Uğur
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Münevver Baran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Miyase Gözde Gündüz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selbi Keskin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, 28200, Turkey
| | - Gözde Özge Önder
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes University, Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazmiye Bitgen
- Erciyes University, Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serdal Kaya
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Faculty of Aviation and Space Sciences, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Konya, Turkey
- BITAM-Science and Technology Research and Application Center, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Konya, Turkey
| | - Şengül Dilem Doğan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Indole-based hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, cytotoxicity assessment, and molecular modeling studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Wibel R, Knoll P, Le-Vinh B, Kali G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Synthesis and evaluation of sulfosuccinate-based surfactants as counterions for hydrophobic ion pairing. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:54-66. [PMID: 35292415 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic ion pairing is a promising strategy to raise the lipophilic character of therapeutic peptides and proteins. In past studies, docusate, an all-purpose surfactant with a dialkyl sulfosuccinate structure, showed highest potential as hydrophobic counterion. Being originally not purposed for hydrophobic ion pairing, it is likely still far away from the perfect counterion. Thus, within this study, docusate analogues with various linear and branched alkyl residues were synthesized to derive systematic insights into which hydrophobic tail is most advantageous for hydrophobic ion pairing, as well as to identify lead counterions that form complexes with superior hydrophobicity. The successful synthesis of the target compounds was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. In a screening with the model protein hemoglobin, monostearyl sulfosuccinate, dioleyl sulfosuccinate, and bis(isotridecyl) sulfosuccinate were identified as lead counterions. Their potential was further evaluated with the peptides and proteins vancomycin, insulin, and horseradish peroxidase. Dioleyl sulfosuccinate and bis(isotridecyl) sulfosuccinate significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the tested peptides and proteins determined as logP or lipophilicity determined as solubility in 1-octanol, respectively, in comparison to the gold standard docusate. Dioleyl sulfosuccinate provided an up to 8.3-fold higher partition coefficient and up to 26.5-fold higher solubility in 1-octanol than docusate, whereas bis(isotridecyl) sulfosuccinate resulted in an up to 6.7-fold improvement in the partition coefficient and up to 44.0-fold higher solubility in 1-octanol. The conjugation of highly lipophilic alkyl tails to the polar sulfosuccinate head group allows the design of promising counterions for hydrophobic ion pairing. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrophobic ion pairing enables efficient incorporation of hydrophilic molecules into lipid-based formulations by forming complexes with hydrophobic counterions. Docusate, a sulfosuccinate with two branched alkyl tails, has shown highest potential as anionic hydrophobic counterion. As it was originally not purposed for hydrophobic ion pairing, its structure is likely still far away from the perfect counterion. To improve its properties, analogues of docusate with various alkyl tails were synthesized in the present study. The investigation of different alkyl residues allowed to derive systematic insights into which tail structures are most favorable for hydrophobic ion pairing. Moreover, the lead counterions dioleyl sulfosuccinate and bis(isotridecyl) sulfosuccinate bearing highly lipophilic alkyl tails provided a significant improvement in the hydrophobicity of the resulting complexes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ionic liquid of ketoprofen-piperine modulates the pharmaceutical and therapeutic characters of ketoprofen. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
BX795-Organic Acid Coevaporates: Evaluation of Solid-State Characteristics, In Vitro Cytocompatibility and In Vitro Activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111920. [PMID: 34834335 PMCID: PMC8623185 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BX795 is a TANK binding kinase-1 inhibitor that has shown excellent therapeutic activity in murine models of genital and ocular herpes infections on topical delivery. Currently, only the BX795 free base and its hydrochloride salt are available commercially. Here, we evaluate the ability of various organic acids suitable for vaginal and/or ocular delivery to form BX795 salts/cocrystals/co-amorphous systems with the aim of facilitating pharmaceutical development of BX795. We characterized BX795-organic acid coevaporates using powder X-ray diffractometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the interaction between BX795 and various organic acids such as taurine, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid. Furthermore, using human corneal epithelial cells and HeLa cells, we evaluated BX795-organic acid coevaporates for in vitro cytocompatibility and in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2). Our studies indicate that BX795 forms co-amorphous systems with tartaric acid and citric acid. Interestingly, the association of organic acids with BX795 improved its thermal stability. Our in vitro cytocompatibility and in vitro antiviral studies to screen suitable BX795-organic acid coevaporates for further development show that all BX795-organic acid systems, at a concentration equivalent to 10 µM BX795, retained antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 but showed differential cytocompatibility. Further, dose-dependent in vitro cytocompatibility and antiviral activity studies on the BX795-fumaric acid system, BX795-tartaric acid co-amorphous system, and BX795-citric acid co-amorphous system show similar antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 compared to BX795, whereas only the BX795-citric acid co-amorphous system showed higher in vitro cytocompatibility compared to BX795.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sutar Y, Fulton SR, Paul S, Altamirano S, Mhatre S, Saeed H, Patel P, Mallick S, Bhat R, Patravale VB, Chauhan H, Nielsen K, Date AA. Docusate-Based Ionic Liquids of Anthelmintic Benzimidazoles Show Improved Pharmaceutical Processability, Lipid Solubility, and in Vitro Activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2637-2649. [PMID: 34467755 PMCID: PMC8884109 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the existing therapeutic modalities for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) have suboptimal efficacy, repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of CM is of great interest. The FDA-approved anthelmintic benzimidazoles, albendazole, mebendazole, and flubendazole, have demonstrated potent but variable in vitro activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, the predominant fungal species responsible for CM. We performed molecular docking studies to ascertain the interaction of albendazole, mebendazole, and flubendazole with a C. neoformans β-tubulin structure, which revealed differential binding interactions and explained the different in vitro efficacies reported previously and observed in this investigation. Despite their promising in vitro efficacy, the repurposing of anthelmintic benzimidazoles for oral CM therapy is significantly hampered due to their high crystallinity, poor pharmaceutical processability, low and pH-dependent solubility, and drug precipitation upon entering the intestine, all of which result in low and variable oral bioavailability. Here, we demonstrate that the anthelmintic benzimidazoles can be transformed into partially amorphous low-melting ionic liquids (ILs) with a simple metathesis reaction using amphiphilic sodium docusate as a counterion. In vitro efficacy studies on a laboratory reference and a clinical isolate of C. neoformans showed 2- to 4-fold lower IC90 values for docusate-based ILs compared to the pure anthelmintic benzimidazoles. Furthermore, using a C. neoformans strain with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged β-tubulin and albendazole and its docusate IL as model candidates, we showed that the benzimidazoles and their ILs reduce the viability of C. neoformans by interfering with its microtubule assembly. Unlike pure anthelmintic benzimidazoles, the docusate-based ILs showed excellent solubility in organic solvents and >30-fold higher solubility in bioavailability-enhancing lipid vehicles. Finally, the docusate ILs were successfully incorporated into SoluPlus, a self-assembling biodegradable polymer, which upon dilution with water formed polymeric micelles with a size of <100 nm. Thus, the development of docusate-based ILs represents an effective approach to improve the physicochemical properties and potency of anthelmintic benzimidazoles to facilitate their repurposing and preclinical development for CM therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Sutar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Sophie R Fulton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sagarkumar Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Profession, 2200 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68710, United States
| | - Sophie Altamirano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Susmit Mhatre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400011, India
| | - Hiwa Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Pratikkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Sudipta Mallick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Roopal Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Chanakya Education Society's Indira College of Pharmacy, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra 411033, India
| | - Vandana B Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400011, India
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Profession, 2200 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68710, United States
| | - Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Abhijit A Date
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Josyula A, Omiadze R, Parikh K, Kanvinde P, Appell MB, Patel P, Saeed H, Sutar Y, Anders N, He P, McDonnell PJ, Hanes J, Date AA, Ensign LM. An ion-paired moxifloxacin nanosuspension eye drop provides improved prevention and treatment of ocular infection. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10238. [PMID: 34589607 PMCID: PMC8459599 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous barriers to achieving effective intraocular drug administration, including the mucus layer protecting the ocular surface. For this reason, antibiotic eye drops must be used multiple times per day to prevent and treat ocular infections. Frequent eye drop use is inconvenient for patients, and lack of adherence to prescribed dosing regimens limits treatment efficacy and contributes to antibiotic resistance. Here, we describe an ion-pairing approach used to create an insoluble moxifloxacin-pamoate (MOX-PAM) complex for formulation into mucus-penetrating nanosuspension eye drops (MOX-PAM NS). The MOX-PAM NS provided a significant increase in ocular drug absorption, as measured by the area under the curve in cornea tissue and aqueous humor, compared to Vigamox in healthy rats. Prophylactic and treatment efficacy were evaluated in a rat model of ocular Staphylococcus aureus infection. A single drop of MOX-PAM NS was more effective than Vigamox, and completely prevented infection. Once a day dosing with MOX-PAM NS was similar, if not more effective, than three times a day dosing with Vigamox for treating S. aureus infection. The MOX-PAM NS provided increased intraocular antibiotic absorption and improved prevention and treatment of ocular keratitis, and the formulation approach is highly translational and clinically relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Josyula
- The Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Revaz Omiadze
- The Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kunal Parikh
- The Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and DesignJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Pranjali Kanvinde
- The Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Matthew B. Appell
- The Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Pratikkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of PharmacyUniversity of Hawaii HiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Hiwa Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of PharmacyUniversity of Hawaii HiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Yogesh Sutar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of PharmacyUniversity of Hawaii HiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Nicole Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ping He
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Peter J. McDonnell
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Justin Hanes
- The Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurosurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Abhijit A. Date
- The Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of PharmacyUniversity of Hawaii HiloHawaiiUSA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawaii ManoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - Laura M. Ensign
- The Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and Division of Infectious DiseasesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rowan K. Hawai'i Journal Watch: Highlights of recent research from the University of Hawai'i and the Hawai'i State Department of Health. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF HEALTH & SOCIAL WELFARE 2021; 80:103. [PMID: 33982004 PMCID: PMC8111795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
|