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Plačkić A, Neubert TJ, Patel K, Kuhl M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Zurutuza A, Sordan R, Balasubramanian K. Electrochemistry at the Edge of a van der Waals Heterostructure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306361. [PMID: 38109121 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Artificial van der Waals heterostructures, obtained by stacking two-dimensional (2D) materials, represent a novel platform for investigating physicochemical phenomena and applications. Here, the electrochemistry at the one-dimensional (1D) edge of a graphene sheet, sandwiched between two hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) flakes, is reported. When such an hBN/graphene/hBN heterostructure is immersed in a solution, the basal plane of graphene is encapsulated by hBN, and the graphene edge is exclusively available in the solution. This forms an electrochemical nanoelectrode, enabling the investigation of electron transfer using several redox probes, e.g., ferrocene(di)methanol, hexaammineruthenium, methylene blue, dopamine and ferrocyanide. The low capacitance of the van der Waals edge electrode facilitates cyclic voltammetry at very high scan rates (up to 1000 V s-1), allowing voltammetric detection of redox species down to micromolar concentrations with sub-second time resolution. The nanoband nature of the edge electrode allows operation in water without added electrolyte. Finally, two adjacent edge electrodes are realized in a redox-cycling format. All the above-mentioned phenomena can be investigated at the edge, demonstrating that nanoscale electrochemistry is a new application avenue for van der Waals heterostructures. Such an edge electrode will be useful for studying electron transfer mechanisms and the detection of analyte species in ultralow sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Plačkić
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, Como, 22100, Italy
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Tilmann J Neubert
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof & Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kishan Patel
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, Como, 22100, Italy
| | - Michel Kuhl
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof & Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Amaia Zurutuza
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 83, San Sebastián, 20009, Spain
| | - Roman Sordan
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, Como, 22100, Italy
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof & Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
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Muralidharan A, Subramani M, Subramani D, Ramasamy S. Inquest for the interaction of canonical and non-canonical DNA/RNA bases with ternary based 2D Si 2BN and doped Si 2BN for biosensing applications. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-32. [PMID: 37855316 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2270685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is invoked to investigate the interaction between the canonical (CN) and non-canonical (NC) bases with pristine Si2BN (Si2BN) and Phosphorous-doped Si2BN (P-dop-Si2BN) sheets. Inquest for the better sensing substrate is decided through the adsorption energy calculation which reveals that doping of phosphorous atom enhances the adsorption strength of AT (-83.74 kcal/mol) AU (-82.77 kcal/mol) and GC (-96.36 kcal/mol) base pairs. The CN and NC bases have higher adsorption energy than the previous reported values which concludes that the P-dop-Si2BN sheet will be optimal substrate to sense the bases. Meanwhile, the selected CN and NC (except hypoxanthine) bases interact with sheet in parallel manner which infers the π-π interaction with Si2BN and P-dop-Si2BN sheets. The energy gap variation (ΔEg%) of the P-dop-Si2BN complexes has a noticeable change, ranging from -24.75 to -197.28% which thrust the sensitivity of the P-dop-Si2BN sheet over the detection of CN and NC bases. The natural population analysis (NPA) and electron density difference map (EDDM) confirms that charges are transferred from CN and NC bases to Si2BN and P-dop-Si2BN sheet. The optical property of the P-dop-Si2BN complexes reveals that the noticeable red and blue shift in the visible and near-infrared regions (778 nm to 1143 nm) has been observed. Therefore, the above results conclude that the P-dop-Si2BN sheet plays a potential candidate to detect the CN and NC bases which contribute to the development of biosensors and DNA/RNA sequencing devices.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilesh Muralidharan
- Molecular Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mohanapriya Subramani
- Molecular Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Divyakaaviri Subramani
- Molecular Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shankar Ramasamy
- Molecular Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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Zouaghi N, Aziz S, Shah I, Aamouche A, Jung DW, Lakssir B, Ressami EM. Miniaturized Rapid Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:589. [PMID: 37366954 PMCID: PMC10296126 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, over 21% of an estimated 10 million new tuberculosis (TB) patients were either not diagnosed at all or diagnosed without being reported to public health authorities. It is therefore critical to develop newer and more rapid and effective point-of-care diagnostic tools to combat the global TB epidemic. PCR-based diagnostic methods such as Xpert MTB/RIF are quicker than conventional techniques, but their applicability is restricted by the need for specialized laboratory equipment and the substantial cost of scaling-up in low- and middle-income countries where the burden of TB is high. Meanwhile, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) amplifies nucleic acids under isothermal conditions with a high efficiency, helps in the early detection and identification of infectious diseases, and can be performed without the need for sophisticated thermocycling equipment. In the present study, the LAMP assay was integrated with screen-printed carbon electrodes and a commercial potentiostat for real time cyclic voltammetry analysis (named as the LAMP-Electrochemical (EC) assay). The LAMP-EC assay was found to be highly specific to TB-causing bacteria and capable of detecting even a single copy of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) IS6110 DNA sequence. Overall, the LAMP-EC test developed and evaluated in the present study shows promise to become a cost-effective tool for rapid and effective diagnosis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Zouaghi
- LISA Laboratory, National Applied Science School, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.Z.); (A.A.)
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat Design Center, Rabat 10112, Morocco; (B.L.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Shahid Aziz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-Si 63243, Republic of Korea;
- Institute of Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-Si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Imran Shah
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur 24090, Pakistan;
| | - Ahmed Aamouche
- LISA Laboratory, National Applied Science School, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Dong-won Jung
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-Si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Brahim Lakssir
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat Design Center, Rabat 10112, Morocco; (B.L.); (E.M.R.)
| | - El Mostafa Ressami
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat Design Center, Rabat 10112, Morocco; (B.L.); (E.M.R.)
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Hassan Q, Riley C, Noroozifar M, Kerman K. Hybrid Nanomaterial of Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Four DNA Bases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091509. [PMID: 37177060 PMCID: PMC10180489 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this proof-of-concept study, a novel hybrid nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensor was developed for the simultaneous detection of four DNA bases. For the modification of the working electrode surface, graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) were synthesized using a solvothermal method. GOQDs were then used for the preparation of a hybrid nanomaterial with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (GOQD-MWCNT) using a solvothermal technique for the first time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the GOQDs-MWCNTs. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with the GOQDs-MWCNTs using Nafion™ to prepare a GOQD-MWCNT/GCE for the simultaneous determination of four DNA bases in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.0) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The calibration plots were linear up to 50, 50, 500, and 500 µM with a limit of detection at 0.44, 0.2, 1.6, and 5.6 µM for guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T) and cytosine (C), respectively. The hybrid-modified sensor was used for the determination of G, A, T, and C spiked in the artificial saliva samples with the recovery values ranging from 95.9 to 106.8%. This novel hybrid-modified electrochemical sensor provides a promising platform for the future development of a device for cost-effective and efficient simultaneous detection of DNA bases in real biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qusai Hassan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Chevon Riley
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Meissam Noroozifar
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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Angoro B, Motshakeri M, Hemmaway C, Svirskis D, Sharma M. Non-transferrin bound iron. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Huang Y, Gao T, Sun C, Han T, Zang M, Wang D, Xu W. An electrochemical platform for guanosine-5’-monophosphate detection using gold doped polypyrrole nanocomposite embedded on graphitic carbon nitride. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rafi H, Zestos AG. Multiplexing neurochemical detection with carbon fiber multielectrode arrays using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6715-6726. [PMID: 34259877 PMCID: PMC8551007 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been extensively used to measure neurotransmitters with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) due to their ability to adsorb cationic monoamine neurotransmitters. Although FSCV, in tandem with CFMEs, provides high temporal and spatial resolution, only single-channel potentiostats and electrodes have been primarily utilized. More recently, the need and use of carbon fiber multielectrode arrays has risen to target multiple brain regions. Previous studies have shown the ability to detect dopamine using multielectrode arrays; however, they are not readily available to the scientific community. In this work, we interfaced a carbon fiber multielectrode array (MEA or multielectrode array), to a commercially available four-channel potentiostat for multiplexing neurochemical measurements. The MEA's relative performance was compared to single CFMEs where dopamine detection was found to be adsorption controlled to the electrode's surface. Multiple waveforms were applied to each fiber of the multielectrode array simultaneously to detect different analytes on each electrode of the array. A proof of concept ex vivo experiment showed that the multielectrode array could record redox activity in different areas within the mouse caudate putamen and detect dopamine in a 3-mm2 area. To our knowledge, this is the first use of the multielectrode array paired with a commercially available multichannel potentiostat for multi-waveform application and neurotransmitter co-detection. This novel array may aid in future studies to better understand complex brain heterogeneity, the dynamic neurochemical environment, and how disease states or drugs affect separate brain areas concurrently. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmain Rafi
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
| | - Alexander G Zestos
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
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Rafi H, Zestos AG. Review-Recent Advances in FSCV Detection of Neurochemicals via Waveform and Carbon Microelectrode Modification. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 168:057520. [PMID: 34108735 PMCID: PMC8186302 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an analytical technique that was first developed over 30 years ago. Since then, it has been extensively used to detect dopamine using carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs). More recently, electrode modifications and waveform refinement have enabled the detection of a wider variety of neurochemicals including nucleosides such as adenosine and guanosine, neurotransmitter metabolites of dopamine, and neuropeptides such as enkephalin. These alterations have facilitated the selectivity of certain biomolecules over others to enhance the measurement of the analyte of interest while excluding interferants. In this review, we detail these modifications and how specializing CFME sensors allows neuro-analytical researchers to develop tools to understand the neurochemistry of the brain in disease states and provide groundwork for translational work in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmain Rafi
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
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