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Gruss I, Twardowski J, Samsel-Czekała M, Beznosiuk J, Wandzel C, Twardowska K, Wiglusz RJ. The isothermal Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy reduction affects survival of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14166. [PMID: 37644276 PMCID: PMC10465501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of the effect of isothermal changes in entropy on a living organism. In greater detail, the effect of the reduction of the total Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy (S) of the aquatic environment on the survival rate and body mass of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The tests were carried out in standard thermodynamic states at room temperature of 296.15 K and ambient atmospheric pressure of 1 bar. Two variants of entropy reduction (ΔS) were tested for ΔS = 28.49 and 51.14 J K-1 mol-1 compared to the blind and control samples. The entropy level was experimentally changed, using the quantum system for isothermal entropy reduction. This system is based on quantum bound entanglement of phonons and the phenomenon of phonon resonance (interference of phonon modes) in condensed matter (Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and single crystals of Silicon (Si0), Aluminum (Al0) plates ("chips"), glass, and water). All studied organisms were of the same age (1 day). Mortality was observed daily until the natural death of the organisms. The investigations showed that changes in the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy affected the survival and body mass of the fruit flies. On the one hand, the reduction in entropy under isothermal conditions in the aquatic environment for ΔS = 28.49 J K-1 mol-1 resulted in an extension of the lifespan and an increase in the body mass of female fruit flies. On the other hand, the almost twofold reduction in this entropy for ΔS = 51.14 J K-1 mol-1 shortened the lives of the males. Thus, the lifespan and body mass of flies turned out to be a specific reaction of metabolism related to changes in the entropy of the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gruss
- Department of Plant Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24a, 50363, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Twardowski
- Department of Plant Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24a, 50363, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Samsel-Czekała
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50422, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Beznosiuk
- PER Poland S.A, Ul. Zygmunta Starego 9, 44100, Gliwice, Poland
- PER Switzerland AG, Landstrasse 151, 9494, Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Czesław Wandzel
- PER Poland S.A, Ul. Zygmunta Starego 9, 44100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Kamila Twardowska
- Department of Plant Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24a, 50363, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal J Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50422, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Reetz MT, Garcia-Borràs M. The Unexplored Importance of Fleeting Chiral Intermediates in Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14939-14950. [PMID: 34491742 PMCID: PMC8461649 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decades of extensive research efforts by biochemists, organic chemists, and protein engineers have led to an understanding of the basic mechanisms of essentially all known types of enzymes, but in a formidable number of cases an essential aspect has been overlooked. The occurrence of short-lived chiral intermediates formed by symmetry-breaking of prochiral precursors in enzyme catalyzed reactions has been systematically neglected. We designate these elusive species as fleeting chiral intermediates and analyze such crucial questions as "Do such intermediates occur in homochiral form?" If so, what is the absolute configuration, and why did Nature choose that particular stereoisomeric form, even when the isolable final product may be achiral? Does the absolute configuration of a chiral product depend in any way on the absolute configuration of the fleeting chiral precursor? How does this affect the catalytic proficiency of the enzyme? If these issues continue to be unexplored, then an understanding of the mechanisms of many enzyme types remains incomplete. We have systematized the occurrence of these chiral intermediates according to their structures and enzyme types. This is followed by critical analyses of selected case studies and by final conclusions and perspectives. We hope that the fascinating concept of fleeting chiral intermediates will attract the attention of scientists, thereby opening an exciting new research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport
Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institute
of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis (IQCC) and Departament de
Química, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany
69, 17003 Girona, Spain
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