1
|
Paranamana NC, Young MJ. Role of Surface Chemistry in Pyrrole Autoxidation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6432-6444. [PMID: 38478721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c04036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Chemical compounds in liquid hydrocarbon fuels that contain five-membered pyrrole (Py) rings readily react with oxygen from air and polymerize through a process known as autoxidation. Autoxidation degrades the quality of fuel and leads to the formation of unwanted gum deposits in fuel storage vessels and engine components. Recent work has found that the rate of formation of these gum deposits is affected by material surfaces exposed to the fuel, but the origins of these effects are not yet understood. In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is employed to grow aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and manganese oxide films on silicon substrates to control material surface chemistry and study Py adsorption and gum nucleation on these surfaces. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies of gas-phase Py adsorption indicate 1.5-2.8 kcal/mol exergonic adsorption of Lewis basic Py onto Lewis acidic surface sites. More favorable Py adsorption onto Lewis acidic surfaces correlates with faster polypyrrole (PPy) film nucleation in vapor phase oxidative molecular deposition (oMLD) polymerization studies. Liquid-phase studies of Py autoxidation reveal primarily particulate formation, indicating a homogeneous PPy propagation step rather than a completely surface-based polymerization mechanism. The amount of PPy particulate formation is positively correlated with more acidic surfaces (lower pH-PZC values), indicating that the rate-limiting step for Py autoxidation involves Lewis acidic surface sites. These studies help to establish new mechanistic insights into the role of surface chemistry in the autoxidation of pyrrolic species. We apply this knowledge to demonstrate a polymer coating formed by vapor phase polymer deposition that slows autoxidation by 2 orders of magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila C Paranamana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Matthias J Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mogili NVV, Verissimo NC, Abeykoon AMM, Bozin ES, Bettini J, Leite ER, Souza Junior JB. Background optimization of powder electron diffraction for implementation of the e-PDF technique and study of the local structure of iron oxide nanocrystals. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2023; 79:412-426. [PMID: 37490406 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273323005107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The local structural characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles is explored using a total scattering analysis method known as pair distribution function (PDF) (also known as reduced density function) analysis. The PDF profiles are derived from background-corrected powder electron diffraction patterns (the e-PDF technique). Due to the strong Coulombic interaction between the electron beam and the sample, electron diffraction generally leads to multiple scattering, causing redistribution of intensities towards higher scattering angles and an increased background in the diffraction profile. In addition to this, the electron-specimen interaction gives rise to an undesirable inelastic scattering signal that contributes primarily to the background. The present work demonstrates the efficacy of a pre-treatment of the underlying complex background function, which is a combination of both incoherent multiple and inelastic scatterings that cannot be identical for different electron beam energies. Therefore, two different background subtraction approaches are proposed for the electron diffraction patterns acquired at 80 kV and 300 kV beam energies. From the least-square refinement (small-box modelling), both approaches are found to be very promising, leading to a successful implementation of the e-PDF technique to study the local structure of the considered nanomaterial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naga Vishnu Vardhan Mogili
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000 Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Nathália Carolina Verissimo
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000 Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - A M Milinda Abeykoon
- Photon Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Emil S Bozin
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Jefferson Bettini
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000 Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Edson Roberto Leite
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000 Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - João Batista Souza Junior
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000 Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duong TM, Sharma K, Agnese F, Rouviere JL, Okuno H, Pouget S, Reiss P, Ling WL. Practice of electron microscopy on nanoparticles sensitive to radiation damage: CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals as a case study. Front Chem 2022; 10:1058620. [PMID: 36605121 PMCID: PMC9808052 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1058620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In-depth and reliable characterization of advanced nanoparticles is crucial for revealing the origin of their unique features and for designing novel functional materials with tailored properties. Due to their small size, characterization beyond nanometric resolution, notably, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and associated techniques, is essential to provide meaningful information. Nevertheless, nanoparticles, especially those containing volatile elements or organic components, are sensitive to radiation damage. Here, using CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals as an example, strategies to preserve the native structure of radiation-sensitive nanocrystals in high-resolution electron microscopy studies are presented. Atomic-resolution images obtained using graphene support films allow for a clear comparison with simulation results, showing that most CsPbBr3 nanocrystals are orthorhombic. Low-dose TEM reveals faceted nanocrystals with no in situ formed Pb crystallites, a feature observed in previous TEM studies that has been attributed to radiation damage. Cryo-electron microscopy further delays observable effects of radiation damage. Powder electron diffraction with a hybrid pixel direct electron detector confirms the domination of orthorhombic crystals. These results emphasize the importance of optimizing TEM grid preparation and of exploiting data collection strategies that impart minimum electron dose for revealing the true structure of radiation-sensitive nanocrystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan M. Duong
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, STEP, Grenoble, France
| | - Kshipra Sharma
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, MEM, LEMMA, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabio Agnese
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, MEM, LEMMA, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Hanako Okuno
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, MEM, LEMMA, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Pouget
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, MEM, SGX, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Reiss
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, STEP, Grenoble, France,*Correspondence: Peter Reiss, ; Wai Li Ling,
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France,*Correspondence: Peter Reiss, ; Wai Li Ling,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pugliese A, Shyam B, Repa GM, Nguyen AH, Mehta A, Webb III EB, Fredin LA, Strandwitz NC. Atomic-Layer-Deposited Aluminum Oxide Thin Films Probed with X-ray Scattering and Compared to Molecular Dynamics and Density Functional Theory Models. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41033-41043. [PMID: 36406558 PMCID: PMC9670265 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of amorphous aluminum oxide's structure and electronic properties is obtained through combined experimental and computational approaches. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering measurements were carried out on aluminum oxide thin films grown using thermal atomic layer deposition. The corresponding pair distribution functions (PDFs) showed structures similar to previously reported PDFs of solid-state amorphous alumina and molten alumina. Structural models based on crystalline alumina polymorphs (PDFgui) and amorphous alumina (molecular dynamics, MD) were examined for structural comparisons to the experimental PDF data. Smaller MD models were optimized and verified against larger models to allow for quantum chemical electronic structure calculations. The electronic structure of the amorphous alumina models yields additional insight into the band structure and electronic defects present in amorphous alumina that are not present in crystalline samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Pugliese
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Badri Shyam
- Xerion
Advanced Battery Corporation, Kettering, Ohio 45420, USA
| | - Gil M. Repa
- Chemistry
Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Anh Hung Nguyen
- Mechanical
Engineering and Mechanics Department, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Edmund B. Webb III
- Mechanical
Engineering and Mechanics Department, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Lisa A. Fredin
- Chemistry
Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Strandwitz
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koerner G, Wyatt QK, Bateman B, Boyle C, Young MJ, Maschmann MR. Area‐selective atomic layer deposition on HOPG enabled by writable electron beam functionalization. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Koerner
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Quinton K. Wyatt
- Department of Chemistry University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Brady Bateman
- Berea College, Physics Program Berea College Berea Kentucky USA
| | - Camden Boyle
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Matthias J. Young
- Department of Biomedical University of Missouri Biological, and Chemical Engineering Columbia Missouri USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Matthew R. Maschmann
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Petersen H, Weidenthaler C. A review of recent developments for the in situ/operando characterization of nanoporous materials. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is a review on up-to-date in situ/operando methods for a comprehensive characterization of nanoporous materials. The group of nanoporous materials is constantly growing, and with it, the variety of...
Collapse
|
7
|
Weng S, Li Y, Wang X. Cryo-EM for battery materials and interfaces: Workflow, achievements, and perspectives. iScience 2021; 24:103402. [PMID: 34849466 PMCID: PMC8607198 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has demonstrated its power and essential role in probing the beam-sensitive battery materials and delivering new insights. With the increasing interest in cryo-EM for battery materials and interfaces, herein we provide the strategies of obtaining fresh and native structural information with minimal artifacts, including sample preparation, transferring, imaging, and data interpretation. We summarize the recent achievements enabled by cryo-EM and point out some unsolved/potential questions in terms of the bulk materials, solid-solid interface, and solid-liquid interfaces of batteries. Finally, we conclude with perspectives on the future developments and applications of cryo-EM in battery materials and interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suting Weng
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yejing Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Tianmu Lake Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technologies Co. Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu 213300, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paranamana NC, He X, Young MJ. Atomic layer deposition of thin-film sodium manganese oxide cathode materials for sodium ion batteries. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:18128-18142. [PMID: 34854442 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03479k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To improve the performance of sodium ion batteries (NIBs), we need to better understand the materials chemistry occurring at the surface of NIB cathode materials. In this work, we aim to form thin films of sodium manganese oxide (NMO) cathode materials for NIBs using atomic layer deposition (ALD) with the vision to isolate and study these interfacial processes in the absence of bulk NMO. We combine established chemistries for ALD of manganese oxide (MnOx) using Mn(thd)3/O3 and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using NaOtBu/H2O and adjust the sequence and ratios of these two chemistries to form NaxMnyO alloy films. We identify that increasing the O3 exposure during Mn(thd)3/O3 ALD beyond previously reported values increases the growth rate of MnOx from 0.23 to 0.62 Å per cycle and provides improved uniformity, yielding predominantly Mn5O8. Furthermore, alloying Mn(thd)3/O3 with NaOtBu/H2O mutually enhances the growth rate of both ALD chemistries, yielding a growth rate of ∼9 Å per supercycle for a 1 : 1 cycle ratio. This enhancement in growth arises from sub-surface reactions, including the reaction of NaOtBu to a depth of ∼1.3 nm into bulk MnOx to form Na2MnOx. By tuning cycle ratios and growth conditions, we demonstrate control over the NaxMnyO composition and measure different electrochemical properties depending on the composition. The formation of NMO thin films with controlled thickness and composition established in this work provides a means to systematically study interfacial processes occurring in NMO cathode materials for NIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Electron Microscopy Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.,Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Matthias J Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. .,Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gettler RC, Koenig HD, Young MJ. Iterative reverse Monte Carlo and molecular statics for improved atomic structure modeling: a case study of zinc oxide grown by atomic layer deposition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26417-26427. [PMID: 34792514 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03742k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling is a common method to derive atomic structure models of materials from experimental diffraction data. However, conventional RMC modeling does not impose energetic constraints and can produce non-physical local structures within the simulation volume. Although previous strategies have introduced energetic constraints during RMC modeling, these approaches have limitations in computational cost and physical accuracy. In this work, we periodically introduce molecular statics (MS) energy minimizations during RMC modeling in an iterative RMC-MS approach. We test this iterative RMC-MS approach using diffraction data collected by in operando high energy X-ray diffraction during atomic layer deposition of ZnO as a sample case. For MS relaxations we employ ReaxFF pair potentials previously established for ZnO. We find that RMC-MS and RMC provide equivalent agreement with experimental data, but RMC-MS structures are on average 0.6 eV per atom lower in energy and are more consistent with known ZnO atomic structure features. The iterative RMC-MS approach we report can accommodate large systems with minimal additional computational burden beyond a standard RMC simulation and can leverage established pair potentials for immediate application to study a wide range of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Gettler
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Henry D Koenig
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Matthias J Young
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|