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Shivakumar N, Nanjundaiah SA, Thiruvengadam V, Channappa M, Thammayya SK, Aravindaram K, Sushil SN. Development of recombinase polymerase amplification-based colorimetric detection assay for rapid identification of invasive cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104005. [PMID: 38741655 PMCID: PMC11089393 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an economically important invasive cassava pest responsible for the massive devastation of cassava in Asia and African continent. Initially, identifying this invasive pest posed challenges because it closely resembled native mealybug species. Additionally, the traditional morphological identification process is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Detecting invasive pests at an early stage is crucial, hence development of a rapid detection assay is essential. In the current study, we have developed a simple, rapid, sensitive, and efficient molecular detection assay for P. manihoti based on Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA). The primers for the RPA assay were designed using unique nucleic acid sequences of P. manihoti, and the protocol was standardized. Specificity test demonstrated that the RPA assay could amplify DNA of P. manihoti only, and no amplification was observed in six other mealybug species. The specificity of assay was confirmed using SYBR green-based colorimetric detection and gel electrophoresis where positive samples showed 195 bp amplicon size in P. manihoti samples. The assay successfully amplified P. manihoti DNA in thirty minutes at an annealing temperature of 41° C in a water bath and displayed a sensitivity of 72.5 picograms per microliter. The assay's simplicity, rapidity, and high sensitivity make it a valuable tool for detecting and monitoring P. manihoti in quarantine stations and facilitating in development of a portable diagnostic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanditha Shivakumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560 024, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kandan Aravindaram
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560 024, India
| | - Satya Nand Sushil
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560 024, India
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Gao X, Du Z, Hao K, Zhang S, Li J, Guo J, Wang Z, Zhao S, Sang L, An M, Xia Z, Wu Y. ZmmiR398b negatively regulates maize resistance to sugarcane mosaic virus infection by targeting ZmCSD2/4/9. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13462. [PMID: 38695630 PMCID: PMC11064800 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in various biological processes of plants and contribute to plant resistance against various pathogens. In this study, upon sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection, the accumulation of maize (Zea mays) miR398b (ZmmiR398b) was significantly reduced in resistant inbred line Chang7-2, while it was increased in susceptible inbred line Mo17. Degradome sequencing analysis coupled with transient co-expression assays revealed that ZmmiR398b can target Cu/Zn-superoxidase dismutase2 (ZmCSD2), ZmCSD4, and ZmCSD9 in vivo, of which the expression levels were all upregulated by SCMV infection in Chang7-2 and Mo17. Moreover, overexpressing ZmmiR398b (OE398b) exhibited increased susceptibility to SCMV infection, probably by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which were consistent with ZmCSD2/4/9-silenced maize plants. By contrast, silencing ZmmiR398b (STTM398b) through short tandem target mimic (STTM) technology enhanced maize resistance to SCMV infection and decreased ROS levels. Interestingly, copper (Cu)-gradient hydroponic experiments demonstrated that Cu deficiency promoted SCMV infection while Cu sufficiency inhibited SCMV infection by regulating accumulations of ZmmiR398b and ZmCSD2/4/9 in maize. These results revealed that manipulating the ZmmiR398b-ZmCSD2/4/9-ROS module provides a prospective strategy for developing SCMV-tolerant maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhichao Du
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Kaiqiang Hao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinxiu Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shixue Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lijun Sang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Sun A, Wang L, Zhang Y, Yang X, Su Y, Wu X. Development and Application of a Duplex RT-RPA Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Cymbidium mosaic virus and Odontoglossum ringspot virus. Viruses 2024; 16:543. [PMID: 38675886 PMCID: PMC11054353 DOI: 10.3390/v16040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) are among the world's most serious and widespread orchid viruses; they often infect orchids, causing devastating losses to the orchid industry. Therefore, it is critical to establish a method that can rapidly and accurately detect viruses in the field using simple instruments, which will largely reduce the further spread of viruses and improve the quality of the orchid industry and is suitable for mass promotion and application at grassroots agrotechnical service points. In this investigation, we established a rapid amplification method for virus detection at 39 °C for 35 min to detect the presence of CymMV and ORSV simultaneously, sensitively, and specifically in orchids. Primers for the capsid protein (CP)-encoding genes of both viruses were designed and screened, and the reaction conditions were optimized. The experimental amplification process was completed in just 35 min at 39 °C. There were no instances of nonspecific amplification observed when nine other viruses were present. The RPA approach had detection limits of 104 and 103 copies for pMD19T-CymMV and pMD19T-ORSV, respectively. Moreover, the duplex RT-RPA investigation confirmed sensitivity and accuracy via a comparison of detection results from 20 field samples with those of a gene chip. This study presents a precise and reliable detection method for CymMV and ORSV using RT-RPA. The results demonstrate the potential of this method for rapid virus detection. It is evident that this method could have practical applications in virus detection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Sun
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flower Breeding, Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Science, Panlong District, Kunming 650025, China; (A.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.S.)
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Chenggong District, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flower Breeding, Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Science, Panlong District, Kunming 650025, China; (A.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flower Breeding, Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Science, Panlong District, Kunming 650025, China; (A.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiumei Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flower Breeding, Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Science, Panlong District, Kunming 650025, China; (A.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yan Su
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flower Breeding, Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Science, Panlong District, Kunming 650025, China; (A.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xuewei Wu
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Chenggong District, Kunming 650091, China
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Lei R, Kuang R, Peng X, Jiao Z, Zhao Z, Cong H, Fan Z, Zhang Y. Portable rapid detection of maize chlorotic mottle virus using RT-RAA/CRISPR-Cas12a based lateral flow assay. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1088544. [PMID: 36938014 PMCID: PMC10021709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1088544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maize lethal necrosis seriously threatens maize production worldwide, which was caused by coinfection by maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and a potyvirid. To effectively control maize lethal necrosis, it is vital to develop a rapid, sensitive, and specific detection method for the early diagnosis of MCMV in host plant tissues. METHODS We established a rapid detection procedure by combining the one-step reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification (one-step RT-RAA) and CRISPR/Cas12a-based lateral flow assay in one tube (one-tube one-step RT-RAA/CRISPR-Cas12a), which can be implemented on a portable metal incubator at 37~42°C. Furthermore, the crude extract of total RNA from plant materials using alkaline-PEG buffer can be directly used as the template for one-step RT-RAA. RESULTS The developed one-tube one-step RT-RAA/CRISPR-Cas12a lateral flow assay can detect as low as 2.5 copies of the coat protein (CP) gene of MCMV and 0.96 pg of the total RNA extracted from MCMV infected maize leaves. Furthermore, the MCMV infected maize leaves at 5 dpi having no obvious symptoms was detected as weak positive. DISCUSSION The crude extraction method of total RNA from plant materials required no complicated device, and all the procedures could be implemented at room temperature and on a portable metal incubator, costing a total time of about 1h. The one-step RT-RAA reagents and CRISPR/Cas12a reagents can be lyophilized for easy storage and transportation of reagents, which makes this method more feasible for the filed detection. This method presents rapidness, robustness and on-site features in detecting viral RNA, and is a promising tool for the field application in minimally equipped laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lei
- Institute of Plant Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruirui Kuang
- Institute of Plant Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanzi Peng
- Institute of Plant Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhao
- Institute of Plant Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Cong
- Institute of Plant Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
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Bhat AI, Aman R, Mahfouz M. Onsite detection of plant viruses using isothermal amplification assays. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1859-1873. [PMID: 35689490 PMCID: PMC9491455 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by viruses limit crop production and quality, resulting in significant losses. However, options for managing viruses are limited; for example, as systemic obligate parasites, they cannot be killed by chemicals. Sensitive, robust, affordable diagnostic assays are needed to detect the presence of viruses in plant materials such as seeds, vegetative parts, insect vectors, or alternative hosts and then prevent or limit their introduction into the field by destroying infected plant materials or controlling insect hosts. Diagnostics based on biological and physical properties are not very sensitive and are time-consuming, but assays based on viral proteins and nucleic acids are more specific, sensitive, and rapid. However, most such assays require laboratories with sophisticated equipment and technical skills. By contrast, isothermal-based assays such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) are simple, easy to perform, reliable, specific, and rapid and do not require specialized equipment or skills. Isothermal amplification assays can be performed using lateral flow devices, making them suitable for onsite detection or testing in the field. To overcome non-specific amplification and cross-contamination issues, isothermal amplification assays can be coupled with CRISPR/Cas technology. Indeed, the collateral activity associated with some CRISPR/Cas systems has been successfully harnessed for visual detection of plant viruses. Here, we briefly describe traditional methods for detecting viruses and then examine the various isothermal assays that are being harnessed to detect viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alangar I. Bhat
- ICAR‐Indian Institute of Spices ResearchKozhikodeKeralaIndia
| | - Rashid Aman
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological SciencesKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological SciencesKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwalSaudi Arabia
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Tang W, Yang D, Ma J, Chen J, Xie Y, Sun H, Zhang C. Development of a dual RT-RPA detection for Sweet potato feathery mottle virus and Sweet potato chlorotic stuntvirus. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 65:101846. [PMID: 35840109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The disease co-infected by Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) is devastating in sweet potato, as it would give rise to the serious losses in both production and quality. Consequently, it is conducive for preventing and controlling this disease to detect these two viruses accurately and timely. Here we developed and optimized a dual reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) for rapid and accurate detection of SPFMV and SPCSV. Four special primers were designed based on the conserved sequences of SPFMV and SPCSV, respectively. The sensitivity of dual RT-RPA for SPFMV and SPCSV was 10-4 ng/μL at the optimal conditions in which the primer ratio between SPFMV and SPCSV was 2:1, and the reaction incubated for 25 min at a temperature of 39 °C. Both 61 sweet potato samples and 5 morning glory samples collected from China were tested using the dual RT-RPA successfully. Therefore, the dual RT-RPA is a reliable, rapid, sensitive method to detect these two viruses in sweet potato. It is the RT-RPA that was used for detection of SPFMV and SPCSV simultaneously firstly. This dual RT-RPA, as a convenient and powerful tool, will be useful to diagnose SPFMV and SPCSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongjing Yang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jukui Ma
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Xie
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, Jiangsu, China
| | - Houjun Sun
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chengling Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, Jiangsu, China.
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Ashraf MF, Hou D, Hussain Q, Imran M, Pei J, Ali M, Shehzad A, Anwar M, Noman A, Waseem M, Lin X. Entailing the Next-Generation Sequencing and Metabolome for Sustainable Agriculture by Improving Plant Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:651. [PMID: 35054836 PMCID: PMC8775971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop production is a serious challenge to provide food for the 10 billion individuals forecasted to live across the globe in 2050. The scientists' emphasize establishing an equilibrium among diversity and quality of crops by enhancing yield to fulfill the increasing demand for food supply sustainably. The exploitation of genetic resources using genomics and metabolomics strategies can help generate resilient plants against stressors in the future. The innovation of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategies laid the foundation to unveil various plants' genetic potential and help us to understand the domestication process to unmask the genetic potential among wild-type plants to utilize for crop improvement. Nowadays, NGS is generating massive genomic resources using wild-type and domesticated plants grown under normal and harsh environments to explore the stress regulatory factors and determine the key metabolites. Improved food nutritional value is also the key to eradicating malnutrition problems around the globe, which could be attained by employing the knowledge gained through NGS and metabolomics to achieve suitability in crop yield. Advanced technologies can further enhance our understanding in defining the strategy to obtain a specific phenotype of a crop. Integration among bioinformatic tools and molecular techniques, such as marker-assisted, QTLs mapping, creation of reference genome, de novo genome assembly, pan- and/or super-pan-genomes, etc., will boost breeding programs. The current article provides sequential progress in NGS technologies, a broad application of NGS, enhancement of genetic manipulation resources, and understanding the crop response to stress by producing plant metabolites. The NGS and metabolomics utilization in generating stress-tolerant plants/crops without deteriorating a natural ecosystem is considered a sustainable way to improve agriculture production. This highlighted knowledge also provides useful research that explores the suitable resources for agriculture sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Quaid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Colleges of Agriculture and Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.I.); (M.W.)
| | - Jialong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Mohsin Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Aamar Shehzad
- Maize Research Station, AARI, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Colleges of Agriculture and Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.I.); (M.W.)
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
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