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Zhu H, Chen S, Yang T, Hu X, Cai W, Wang X, He J, Luo Y. Comparative efficiency of different polyol-based deep eutectic solvents for chitin extraction from lobster shells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134425. [PMID: 39097065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared from choline chloride, lactic acid, and one of the four polyols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol) were compared and assessed for their effectiveness in extracting chitin from lobster shells. Our results revealed that as the number of hydroxyl groups in polyols increased, the hydrogen bond network within the DESs became denser. However, this led to a corresponding increase in viscosity, which impacted the efficiency of chitin extraction. Among all prepared DESs, choline chloride-lactic acid/glycerol (CCLaGly) exhibited superior extractive ability, resulting in the extraction of pure chitin from lobster shells. The purity, crystallinity, and molecular weight of the extracted chitin using CCLaGly DES were comparable to those of chemically-isolated chitin, with purity reaching 94.76 ± 0.33 %, crystallinity at 78.78 %, and a molecular weight of 655 kDa. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of the DES-extracted chitins were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. This study conducted a comparative analysis of polyol effects on chitin extraction from lobster shells, thereby opening a promising avenue for the utilization of various crustacean shells in sustainable biomaterial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Zhu
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States
| | - Sunni Chen
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States
| | - Tiangang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Xing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wudan Cai
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States; College of Food Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Yangchao Luo
- Nanotechnology and Biodelivery Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, United States.
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Gao Y, Fan M, Cheng X, Liu X, Yang H, Ma W, Guo M, Li L. Deep eutectic solvent: Synthesis, classification, properties and application in macromolecular substances. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134593. [PMID: 39127290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a kind of solvent prepared by mixing hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors, and have become a hot topic in ecological civilization construction due to its low toxicity and sustainability. Its excellent properties such as low volatility, thermal stability and biodegradability make it stand out among many organic solvents and widely used in fields including medicine, chemical industry and agriculture, with broad development prospects. In recent years, the application of DES in the food field has mostly focused on the extraction of small molecular substances, and there are few summaries on the application of DES in macromolecular substances. In this review, we introduced the synthesis, classification and properties of DES, and summarized the application of DES in the food industry for macromolecular substances, including the extraction of macromolecular substances such as chitosan and pectin, as well as the preparation of related macromolecular substrate films. At the same time, we analyzed the characteristics of DES and its advantages and limitations in application, and provided prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Xin Yang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Wenya Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min Guo
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Li Y, Sun M, Cao Y, Yu K, Fan Z, Cao Y. Designing Low Toxic Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Green Recycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries Cathodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301953. [PMID: 38409620 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the main energy storage equipment. Its cathode material contains Li, Co, and other valuable metals. Therefore, recycling spent LIBs can reduce environmental pollution and resource waste, which is significant for sustainable development. However, traditional metallurgical methods are not environmentally friendly, with high cost and environmental toxicity. Recently, the concept of green chemistry gives rise to environmental and efficient recycling technology, which promotes the transition of recycling solvents from organic solvents to green solvents represented by deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs are considered as ideal alternative solvents in extraction processes, attracting great attention due to their low cost, low toxicity, good biodegradability, and high extraction capacity. It is very important to develop the DESs system for LIBs recycling for sustainable development of energy and green economic development of recycling technology. In this work, the applications and research progress of DESs in LIBs recovery are reviewed, and the physicochemical properties such as viscosity, toxicity and regulatory properties are summarized and discussed. In particular, the toxicity data of DESs are collected and analyzed. Finally, the guidance and prospects for future research are put forward, aiming to explore more suitable DESs for recycling valuable metals in batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Cao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Keying Yu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Zixuan Fan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
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Elizalde-Cárdenas A, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Rodríguez-Martínez A, Leyva-Gómez G, Ríos-Castañeda C, González-Torres M. Advances in chitosan and chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications in tissue engineering: An updated review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129999. [PMID: 38331080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, chitosan (CS) has received much attention as a functional biopolymer for various applications, especially in the biomedical field. It is a natural polysaccharide created by the chemical deacetylation of chitin (CT) that is nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. This natural polymer is difficult to process; however, chemical modification of the CS backbone allows improved use of functional derivatives. CS and its derivatives are used to prepare hydrogels, membranes, scaffolds, fibers, foams, and sponges, primarily for regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering (TE), currently one of the fastest-growing fields in the life sciences, primarily aims to restore or replace lost or damaged organs and tissues using supports that, combined with cells and biomolecules, generate new tissue. In this sense, the growing interest in the application of biomaterials based on CS and some of its derivatives is justifiable. This review aims to summarize the most important recent advances in developing biomaterials based on CS and its derivatives and to study their synthesis, characterization, and applications in the biomedical field, especially in the TE area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Elizalde-Cárdenas
- Conahcyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Martínez
- Conahcyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos-Castañeda
- Dirección de investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | - Maykel González-Torres
- Conahcyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico.
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Wang Y, Zhu H, Qiao M, Luo Y. Glycerol/organic acid-based ternary deep eutectic solvents as a green approach to recover chitin with different molecular weight from seafood waste. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128714. [PMID: 38081487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we designed a green and efficient approach for the fractionation of high-purity chitin with tunable molecular weights from seafood waste. This was achieved by using ternary deep eutectic solvents (TDESs) composed of choline chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor, glycerol as the polyol-based hydrogen bond donor, together with lactic acid or malic acid. Two binary DESs and four TDESs were evaluated for their ability to recover chitin. The extracted chitin exhibited not only high yield with excellent protein and mineral removal, but also high purity with similar crystallinity patterns as standard chitin. However, the average molecular weights, viscosity behavior and morphology of chitin extracted by DESs were varied and influenced by organic acid to glycerol molar ratios. The molecular weights of chitin extracted by lactic acid-based TDES ranged from 264 kDa to 541 kDa, but malic acid-based TEDS displayed a stronger depolymerization effect, resulting in chitin with a smaller molecular weight of less than 300 kDa. Lactic acid-based TDES revealed that the purity of chitin remained higher than 92 % after three cycles. This sustainable and environmentally friendly extraction system holds great potential to recover chitin from seafood waste, opening a new era for chitin extraction and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Mingyu Qiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Yangchao Luo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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6
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Sharma A, Lee BS. Toxicity test profile for deep eutectic solvents: A detailed review and future prospects. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141097. [PMID: 38171392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are preferable in terms of starting materials, storage and synthesis, simplicity, and component material affordability. In several industries ranging from chemical, electrochemical, biological, biotechnology, material science, etc., DES has demonstrated remarkable potential. Despite all these accomplishments, the safety issue with DES must be adequately addressed. Different DES interacts with the cellular membranes differently. It is not possible to classify all DES as easily biodegradable. By expanding the current understanding of the toxicity and biodegradation of DES, interactions between organisms and cellular membranes can be linked. The DES toxicity profile varies according to their concentration, the nature of the individual components, and how they interact with living things. Therefore, the results of this review can serve as a baseline for DES development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong-Seop Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Yi K, Miao S, Yang B, Li S, Lu Y. Harnessing the Potential of Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Enhanced Functionalities in Food Applications. Foods 2024; 13:439. [PMID: 38338575 PMCID: PMC10855628 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most abundant natural polysaccharides that possess good biological activity, chitosan is extracted from chitin. Its application in the food field is being increasingly valued. However, chitosan extraction is difficult, and its poor solubility limits its application. At present, the extraction methods include the acid-base method, new chemical methods, and biological methods. The extraction rates of chitin/chitosan are 4-55%, 13-14%, and 15-28%, respectively. Different chemical modifications have different effects on chitosan, making it applicable in different fields. This article reviews and compares the extraction and chemical modification methods of chitosan, emphasizing the importance of green extraction methods. Finally, the application prospects of chitosan in the food industry are discussed. This will promote the understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of different extraction methods for chitosan as well as the relationship between modification and application, providing valuable insights for the future development of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yi
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (K.Y.); (S.M.); (B.Y.); (S.L.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Shiyuan Miao
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (K.Y.); (S.M.); (B.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Bixing Yang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (K.Y.); (S.M.); (B.Y.); (S.L.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Sijie Li
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (K.Y.); (S.M.); (B.Y.); (S.L.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yujie Lu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (K.Y.); (S.M.); (B.Y.); (S.L.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Zhang J, Mohd Said F, Jing Z. Hydrogels based on seafood chitin: From extraction to the development. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126482. [PMID: 37640188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is extensively applied in vast applications due to its excellent biological properties, such as biodegradable and non-toxic. About 50 % of waste generated during seafood processing is chitin. Conventionally, chitin is extracted via chemical method. However, it has many shortcomings. Many novel extraction methods have emerged, including enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, ultrasonic or microwave-assisted, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents. Chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their excellent properties. Nevertheless, they all have many limitations. Therefore, the preparation and application of chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels are still facing great challenges. This review focuses on the challenges and prospects for sustainable chitin extraction from seafood waste and the preparation and application of chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels. First section summarizes the mechanism and application of several methods of extracting chitin. The different extraction methods were evaluated from the aspects of yield, degree of acetylation, and protein and mineral residuals. The shortcomings of the extraction methods are also discussed. Next section summarizes the preparation and application of chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels. Overall, we hope this mini-review can provide a practical reference for selecting chitin extraction methods from seafood and applying chitin and its derivatives-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Farhan Mohd Said
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Zhanxin Jing
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088 Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Sulthan R, Reghunadhan A, Sambhudevan S. A new era of chitin synthesis and dissolution using Deep Eutectic Solvents- Comparison with Ionic Liquids. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Khan AS, Sakina, Nasrullah A, Ullah S, Ullah Z, Khan Z, Khan NA, Khan SZ, Din IU. An Overview on Phytotoxic Perspective of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Role of Chemical Structure in the Phytotoxicity. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sada Khan
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Sakina
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Asma Nasrullah
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Department of Chemistry 25000 Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Saadat Ullah
- Hazara University Department of Chemistry Mansehra Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ullah
- Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) Department of Chemistry Takatu Campus 87100 Quetta Pakistan
| | - Zahid Khan
- American University of Sharjah Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- University of Sharjah Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine University City 27272 Sharjah Unites Arab Emirates
- Istinye University Istinye Faculty of Medicine 34396 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Shahan Zeb Khan
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Israf Ud Din
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities P.O. Box 173 Al-Kharj Saudi Arabia
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Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Oancea F. Closing the Nutrient Loop-The New Approaches to Recovering Biomass Minerals during the Biorefinery Processes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2096. [PMID: 36767462 PMCID: PMC9915181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of plant mineral nutrients from the bio-based value chains is essential for a sustainable, circular bioeconomy, wherein resources are (re)used sustainably. The widest used approach is to recover plant nutrients on the last stage of biomass utilization processes-e.g., from ash, wastewater, or anaerobic digestate. The best approach is to recover mineral nutrients from the initial stages of biomass biorefinery, especially during biomass pre-treatments. Our paper aims to evaluate the nutrient recovery solutions from a trans-sectorial perspective, including biomass processing and the agricultural use of recovered nutrients. Several solutions integrated with the biomass pre-treatment stage, such as leaching/bioleaching, recovery from pre-treatment neoteric solvents, ionic liquids (ILs), and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) or integrated with hydrothermal treatments are discussed. Reducing mineral contents on silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen biomass before the core biorefinery processes improves processability and yield and reduces corrosion and fouling effects. The recovered minerals are used as bio-based fertilizers or as silica-based plant biostimulants, with economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florin Oancea
- Department of Bioresources, Bioproducts Group, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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Chitin, Chitosan, and Nanochitin: Extraction, Synthesis, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193989. [PMID: 36235937 PMCID: PMC9571330 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustacean shells are a sustainable source of chitin. Extracting chitin from crustacean shells is ongoing research, much of which is devoted to devising a sustainable process that yields high-quality chitin with minimal waste. Chemical and biological methods have been used extensively for this purpose; more recently, methods based on ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have been explored. Extracted chitin can be converted into chitosan or nanochitin. Once chitin is obtained and modified into the desired form, it can be used in a wide array of applications, including as a filler material, in adsorbents, and as a component in biomaterials, among others. Describing the extraction of chitin, synthesis of chitosan and nanochitin, and applications of these materials is the aim of this review. The first section of this review summarizes and compares common chitin extraction methods, highlighting the benefits and shortcomings of each, followed by descriptions of methods to convert chitin into chitosan and nanochitin. The second section of this review discusses some of the wide range of applications of chitin and its derivatives.
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