1
|
Cannon CG, Klusener PAA, Brandon NP, Kucernak ARJ. Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Small Organic Molecules for the Positive Electrolyte Species. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300303. [PMID: 37205628 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of critical requirements for electrolytes in aqueous redox flow batteries. This paper reviews organic molecules that have been used as the redox-active electrolyte for the positive cell reaction in aqueous redox flow batteries. These organic compounds are centred around different organic redox-active moieties such as the aminoxyl radical (TEMPO and N-hydroxyphthalimide), carbonyl (quinones and biphenols), amine (e. g., indigo carmine), ether and thioether (e. g., thianthrene) groups. We consider the key metrics that can be used to assess their performance: redox potential, operating pH, solubility, redox kinetics, diffusivity, stability, and cost. We develop a new figure of merit - the theoretical intrinsic power density - which combines the first four of the aforementioned metrics to allow ranking of different redox couples on just one side of the battery. The organic electrolytes show theoretical intrinsic power densities which are 2-100 times larger than that of the VO2+ /VO2 + couple, with TEMPO-derivatives showing the highest performance. Finally, we survey organic positive electrolytes in the literature on the basis of their redox-active moieties and the aforementioned figure of merit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Cannon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London MSRH, White City, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A A Klusener
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Energy Transition Campus Amsterdam, Grasweg 31, 1031 HW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel P Brandon
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R J Kucernak
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London MSRH, White City, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang G, Zhu Y, Hao Z, Lu Y, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Chen J. Organic Electroactive Materials for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301898. [PMID: 37158492 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic electroactive materials take advantage of potentially sustainable production and structural tunability compared to present commercial inorganic materials. Unfortunately, traditional redox flow batteries based on toxic redox-active metal ions have certain deficiencies in resource utilization and environmental protection. In comparison, organic electroactive materials in aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) have received extensive attention in recent years for low-cost and sustainable energy storage systems due to their inherent safety. This review aims to provide the recent progress in organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. The main reaction types of organic electroactive materials are classified in ARFBs to provide an overview of how to regulate their solubility, potential, stability, and viscosity. Then, the organic anolyte and catholyte in ARFBs are summarized according to the types of quinones, viologens, nitroxide radicals, hydroquinones, etc, and how to increase the solubility by designing various functional groups is emphasized. The research advances are presented next in the characterization of organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. Future efforts are finally suggested to focus on building neutral ARFBs, designing advanced electroactive materials through molecular engineering, and resolving problems of commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaojing Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yaxun Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhimeng Hao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fontmorin JM, Guiheneuf S, Godet-Bar T, Floner D, Geneste F. How anthraquinones can enable aqueous organic redox flow batteries to meet the needs of industrialization. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|