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Hu Y, Yang R, Wu Y, Chen X, Lin W, Wang H, Qi Z, Zhang D, Ouyang L. The fate of organic compounds in organic waste during torrefaction and implications for its valorization. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124841. [PMID: 39209058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Torrefaction is commonly used to improve biomass properties, applications, and economy. The characteristics and subsequent applications of torrefied biomass are largely contingent on the organic compounds in parent biomass and their evolution during torrefaction. Yet, the evolution of organic compounds in biomass particularly minor components (e.g., polyphenols) is far less investigated for torrefaction. To address such issues, a superheated steam (SHS) boosted torrefaction process at different temperatures (200, 250, and 300 °C) and residence times (15, 30, and 60 min) was performed on spent coffee ground (SCG), which is an emerging biowaste and is rich in various organic compounds. Results found that both temperature and residence time determine SHS torrefaction performance. SHS torrefaction could effectively remove volatile matters to upgrade SCG for solid fuel. The relatively high content of N and S in torrefied SCG may negatively affect fuel quality but may benefit its adsorption of environmental pollutants. SHS boosted torrefaction could facilitate cellulose and lipids degradation compared to conventional torrefaction. Efficient reduction/removal of labile carbon and ecotoxic chemicals (e.g., phenols and caffeine) in SCG was successfully achieved with SHS torrefaction. As a result, SHS-torrefied SCG with higher biostability and lower phytotoxicity was evaluated as soil amendments and additives to soilless growing substrate. Implications for subsequent application by revealing the evolution of organic compounds during SHS torrefaction were discussed. This study highlighted the potentiality of SHS torrefaction as a pretreatment of biomass for versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements By Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd and Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co, Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements By Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd and Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China
| | - Zhiyong Qi
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
| | - Lin Ouyang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
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Ostertag BJ, Syeed AJ, Brooke AK, Lapsley KD, Porshinsky EJ, Ross AE. Waste Coffee Ground-Derived Porous Carbon for Neurochemical Detection. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1372-1381. [PMID: 38380643 PMCID: PMC11209848 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
We present an optimized synthetic method for repurposing coffee waste to create controllable, uniform porous carbon frameworks for biosensor applications to enhance neurotransmitter detection with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Harnessing porous carbon structures from biowastes is a common practice for low-cost energy storage applications; however, repurposing biowastes for biosensing applications has not been explored. Waste coffee ground-derived porous carbon was synthesized by chemical activation to form multivoid, hierarchical porous carbon, and this synthesis was specifically optimized for porous uniformity and electrochemical detection. These materials, when modified on carbon-fiber microelectrodes, exhibited high surface roughness and pore distribution, which contributed to significant improvements in electrochemical reversibility and oxidative current for dopamine (3.5 ± 0.4-fold) and other neurochemicals. Capacitive current increases were small, showing evidence of small increases in electroactive surface area. Local trapping of dopamine within the pores led to improved electrochemical reversibility and frequency-independent behavior. Overall, we demonstrate an optimized biowaste-derived porous carbon synthesis for neurotransmitter detection for the first time and show material utility for viable neurotransmitter detection within a tissue matrix. This work supports the notion that controlled surface nanogeometries play a key role in electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise J. Ostertag
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Ayah J. Syeed
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Alexandra K. Brooke
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Kamya D. Lapsley
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Evan J. Porshinsky
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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Cordoba-Ramirez M, Chejne F, Alean J, Gómez CA, Navarro-Gil Á, Ábrego J, Gea G. Experimental strategy for the preparation of adsorbent materials from torrefied palm kernel shell oriented to CO 2 capture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:18765-18784. [PMID: 38349490 PMCID: PMC11289003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an experimental strategy to obtain biochar and activated carbon from torrefied palm kernel shell as an efficient material for CO2 removal was evaluated. Biochar was obtained by slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell at different temperatures (350 °C, 550 °C, and 700 °C) and previously torrefied palm kernel shell at different temperatures (220 °C, 250 °C, and 280 °C). Subsequently, activated carbons were prepared by physical activation with CO2 from previously obtained biochar samples. The CO2 adsorption capacity was measured using TGA. The experimental results showed that there is a correlation between the change in the O/C and H/C ratios and the functional groups -OH and C=O observed via FTIR in the obtained char, indicating that both dehydration and deoxygenation reactions occur during torrefaction; this favors the deoxygenation reactions and makes them faster through CO2 liberation during the pyrolysis process. The microporous surface area shows a significant increase with higher pyrolysis temperatures, as a product of the continuous carbonization reactions, allowing more active sites for CO2 removal. Pyrolysis temperature is a key factor in CO2 adsorption capacity, leading to a CO2 adsorption capacity of up to 75 mg/gCO2 for biochar obtained at 700 °C from non-torrefied palm kernel shell (Char700). Activated carbon obtained from torrefied palm kernel shell at 280 °C (T280-CHAR700-AC) exhibited the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (101.9 mg/gCO2). Oxygen-containing functional groups have a direct impact on CO2 adsorption performance due to electron interactions between CO2 and these functional groups. These findings could provide a new experimental approach for obtaining optimal adsorbent materials exclusively derived from thermochemical conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Cordoba-Ramirez
- Mechanical Engineering Program - DESTACAR Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Guajira, km 3+354 via Maicao, 440001, Riohacha, Colombia.
- Department of Processes and Energy - Applied Thermodynamics and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Mines, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Cra. 80 No 65 - 223, 050034, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Farid Chejne
- Department of Processes and Energy - Applied Thermodynamics and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Mines, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Cra. 80 No 65 - 223, 050034, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jader Alean
- Mechanical Engineering Program - DESTACAR Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Guajira, km 3+354 via Maicao, 440001, Riohacha, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Gómez
- Department of Processes and Energy - Applied Thermodynamics and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Mines, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Cra. 80 No 65 - 223, 050034, Medellín, Colombia
| | - África Navarro-Gil
- Thermochemical Processes Group (GPT), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Edificio I+D, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Ábrego
- Thermochemical Processes Group (GPT), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Edificio I+D, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gloria Gea
- Thermochemical Processes Group (GPT), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Edificio I+D, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ahmed AR, Alqahtani NK, Ramadan KMA, Mohamed HI, Mahmoud MAA, Elkatry HO. The Bioactive Substances in Spent Black Tea and Arabic Coffee Could Improve the Nutritional Value and Extend the Shelf Life of Sponge Cake after Fortification. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33593-33609. [PMID: 37744783 PMCID: PMC10515411 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the potential use of spent coffee powder (SCP) and spent tea powder (STP) as bioactive supplements for sponge cake. To achieve this aim, we initially compared the chemical properties of spent tea and coffee powders with those of their raw forms. Subsequently, three supplemented cake blends were prepared (1, 2, and 3% of SCP and STP) to test the effect of their addition on the chemophysical characteristics, sensory attributes, and shelf life of the final products. Our results indicated that spent tea and coffee are prospective materials for polyphenols. Spent tea powder could retain up to 72% (theaflavin trigallate), while spent coffee powder could retain up to 63.9% (1-caffeoylquinic acid) of the identified compounds compared to the raw materials. Furthermore, spent tea and coffee powders contained high levels of dietary fiber (18.95 and 31.65 g/100 g dry weight) and the elements potassium (254.6 and 1218.2 mg/100 g of DW), phosphorus (189.8 and 161.3 mg/100 g of DW), calcium (904.1 and 237.8 mg/100 g of DW), and magnesium (158.8 and 199.6 mg/100 g of DW). In addition, the fortified samples with SCP and STP significantly enhanced the nutritional values while retaining good sensory qualities compared to those of the control sample. Moreover, cakes fortified with the highest concentrations of SCP and STP (3%) showed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde content (MDA; 17.7 and 18.0 μg/g) and microbiological counts (2.4 and 2.5 log cfu/g) compared to the control cake after 14 days of storage. These findings suggest that incorporating SCP and STP into cakes not only enhances their nutritional value but also extends their shelf life. By utilizing these waste products, we can contribute to a more sustainable and ecofriendly food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman R. Ahmed
- Food
and Nutrition Science Department, Agricultural Science and Food, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Home
Economics Department, Faculty of Specific Education, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11772, Egypt
| | - Nashi K. Alqahtani
- Food
and Nutrition Science Department, Agricultural Science and Food, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. A. Ramadan
- Central
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, King
Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shobra, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Heba I. Mohamed
- Biological
and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11341, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. A. Mahmoud
- Department
of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shobra, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Haiam O. Elkatry
- Food
and Nutrition Science Department, Agricultural Science and Food, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Home
Economics Department, Faculty of Specific Education, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11772, Egypt
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Egbosiuba TC. Biochar and bio-oil fuel properties from nickel nanoparticles assisted pyrolysis of cassava peel. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10114. [PMID: 36042740 PMCID: PMC9420488 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct biomass usage as a renewable fuel source and substitute for fossil fuels is discouraging due to high moisture, low energy density and low bulk density. Herein, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted at various heating rates to determine peak decomposition temperatures for the dried cassava peels (DCP). The influence of pyrolysis temperature (300, 400, 500 and 600 °C) and heating rates (10, 20 and 30 °C/min) on the nickel nanoparticles catalyzed decomposition of DCP to produce biochar, bio-oil and biogas was investigated and characterized. The results revealed higher biochar (CBC) yield of 68.59 wt%, 62.55 wt% and 56.92 wt% at lower pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C for the different heating rates of 10, 20 and 30 °C/min. The higher carbon content of 52.39, 53.30 and 55.44 wt% was obtained at elevated temperature of 600 °C and heating rates of 10, 20 and 30 °C/min, respectively. At the pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C and heating rates of 10, 20 and 30 °C/min, the optimum yield of bio-oil (24.35, 17.69 and 18.16 wt%) and biogas (31.35, 42.03 and 46.12 wt%) were attained. A high heating value (HHV) of 28.70 MJ/kg was obtained for the biochar at 600 °C. Through the TGA, FTIR and HRSEM results, the thermal stability, hydrophobicity and structural changes of DCP and CBC samples were established. Similarly, the thermal stability of CBC samples increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Biochar with optimum fuel properties was produced at 600 °C due to the highest carbon content and high heating value (HHV). Improved kinematic viscosity (3.87 mm2/s) and density (0.850 g/cm3) were reported at the temperature of 300 °C and heating rate of 30 °C/min, while a higher pH (4.96), HHV (42.68 MJ/kg) and flash point (53.85 min) were presented by the bio-oil at the temperature of 600 °C and heating rate of 30 °C/min. Hence, DCP produced value-added biochar and bio-oil as renewable energy. Nickel nanoparticles successfully catalyzed the pyrolysis of CP biomass. Temperature and heating rates affected the yield of pyrolysis products. Fixed carbon content increased rapidly with temperature increase. The HHV of both biochar and bio-oil was higher than the DCP biomass. The fuel properties of biochar and bio-oil improved rapidly through NiNPs catalyzed pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Chinedu Egbosiuba
- Chemical Engineering Department, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
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