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Lee Y, Foster RI, Kim H, Garrett L, Morgan BW, Burger M, Jovanovic I, Choi S. Data Fusion of Acoustic and Optical Emission from Laser-Induced Plasma for In Situ Measurement of Rare Earth Elements in Molten LiCl-KCl. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11255-11262. [PMID: 38967238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Molten salts have a significant potential for use as next-generation nuclear reactor coolants and in pyroprocessing for the recycling of used nuclear fuel. However, the molten salt composition needs to be known at all times, and high temperatures and intense ionizing radiation pose challenges for the monitoring instrumentation. Although the technique of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been studied for in situ measurements of molten salts, trials to improve its monitoring accuracy using chemometrics are lacking. In this study, a data fusion technique using the LIBS optical and laser-induced acoustic (LIA) signals was investigated to enhance the measurement accuracy for molten salt monitoring. Prediction models were constructed using the partial least-squares method, and the variable importance in projection scores was analyzed to evaluate the effect of incorporating the LIA signal into the analysis. This study investigates rare earth elements Eu, Er, and Pr found not only in nuclear but also in other settings such as laser and magnetic materials. The analysis of LIBS data without data fusion resulted in a root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.0774-0.0913 wt %, whereas the prediction model using data fusion led to approximately 18-40% enhanced RMSEP (0.0461-0.0679 wt %). The results suggest that fusing the LIBS data with the simultaneously recorded LIA data can improve the monitoring accuracy of rare earth element composition in molten salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunu Lee
- Device Solutions, Samsung Electronics, 114 Samsung-ro, Pyeongtaek-si 17786, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard I Foster
- Nuclear Research Institute for Future Technology and Policy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongbin Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Londrea Garrett
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bryan W Morgan
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Miloš Burger
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Igor Jovanovic
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sungyeol Choi
- Nuclear Research Institute for Future Technology and Policy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Hammond OS, Bathke EK, Bowron DT, Edler KJ. Trace Water Changes Metal Ion Speciation in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Ce 3+ Solvation and Nanoscale Water Clustering in Choline Chloride-Urea-Water Mixtures. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18069-18078. [PMID: 37862703 PMCID: PMC10630939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic mixtures of choline chloride, urea, and water in deep eutectic solvent (DES)/water molar hydration ratios (w) of 2, 5, and 10, with dissolved cerium salt, were measured using neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution. Structures were modeled using empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR). Ce3+ was found to form highly charged complexes with a mean coordination number between 7 and 8, with the shell containing mostly chloride, followed by water. The shell composition is strongly affected by the molar ratio of dilution, as opposed to the mass or volume fraction, due to the high affinity of Cl- and H2O ligands that displace less favorable interactions with ligands such as urea and choline. The presence of Ce3+ salt disrupted the bulk DES structure slightly, making it more electrolyte-like. The measured coordination shell of choline showed significant discrepancies from the statistical noninteracting distribution, highlighting the nonideality of the blend. Cluster analysis revealed the trace presence of percolating water clusters (25 ≥ n ≥ 2) in solvent compositions of 5 and 10w for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S. Hammond
- Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Elly K. Bathke
- Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Daniel T. Bowron
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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Daskalopoulou E, Hartley JM, Rivera RM, Zante G, Abbott AP. Anion effect on the redox properties of copper ions in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4854-4861. [PMID: 36692445 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It has long been claimed that the anion of the DES or IL is critical for controlling the redox properties of metal ions. In this study we investigate the effect of different salt anions on the copper redox properties and speciation, and compare that with the effect of the different solvent anions, when a single copper salt is used in a range of solvents. It is shown that the effect of the solvent anion is much more significant than that of the salt anion on the redox properties. It is also found that copper species remain the same copper tetrachloride species despite the starting salt. An exception is seen for the copper(I) salt, which makes linear dichloride species, as well as the copper(II) acetate system, which displays concentration dependence. When the anion of the ionic liquid is changed, the copper species change correspondingly with the coordinating strength of the solvent anion, leading to a greater difference in redox response, which is due to the different species present. Thus, these speciation differences can be used to modify the redox potentials in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guillaume Zante
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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