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Carofiglio M, Percivalle NM, Hernandez S, Laurenti M, Canavese G, Matos JC, Gonçalves MC, Cauda V. Ultrasound-assisted water oxidation: unveiling the role of piezoelectric metal-oxide sonocatalysts for cancer treatment. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:37. [PMID: 39160324 PMCID: PMC11333555 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-024-00720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound radiation has been widely used in biomedical application for both diagnosis and therapy. Metal oxides nanoparticles (NPs), like ZnO or TiO2 NPs, have been widely demonstrated to act as excellent sonocatalysts and significantly enhance cavitation at their surface, making them optimal for sonodynamic cancer therapy. These NPs often possess semiconductive and piezoelectric properties that contribute to the complex phenomena occurring at the water-oxide interface during sonostimulation. Despite the great potential in applied sonocatalysis and water splitting, the complex mechanism that governs the phenomenon is still a research subject. This work investigates the role of piezoelectric ZnO micro- and nano-particles in ultrasound-assisted water oxidation. Three metal oxides presenting fundamental electronic and mechanical differences are evaluated in terms of ultrasound-triggered reactive oxygen species generation in aqueous media: electromechanically inert SiO2 NPs, semiconducting TiO2 NPs, piezoelectric and semiconducting ZnO micro- and nanoparticles with different surface areas and sizes. The presence of silver ions in the aqueous solution was further considered to impart a potential electron scavenging effects and better evaluate the oxygen generation performances of the different structures. Following sonoirradiation, the particles are optically and chemically analyzed to study the effect of sonostimulation at their surface. The production of gaseous molecular oxygen is measured, revealing the potential of piezoelectric particles to generate oxygen under hypoxic conditions typical of some cancer environments. Finally, the best candidates, i.e. ZnO nano and micro particles, were tested on osteosarcoma and glioblastoma cell lines to demonstrate their potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carofiglio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico Di Torino, C.So Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicolò Maria Percivalle
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico Di Torino, C.So Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Simelys Hernandez
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico Di Torino, C.So Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Laurenti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico Di Torino, C.So Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Canavese
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico Di Torino, C.So Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Joana C Matos
- CESAM - Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Clara Gonçalves
- CQE, Centro de Química Estrutural, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, IST, 1000, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1000, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico Di Torino, C.So Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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Ioannidi AA, Bampos G, Antonopoulou M, Oulego P, Boczkaj G, Mantzavinos D, Frontistis Z. Sonocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A from aquatic matrices over Pd/CeO 2 nanoparticles: Kinetics study, transformation products, and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170820. [PMID: 38340814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In this work, different ratios of palladium - cerium oxide (Pd/CeO2) catalyst were synthesized and characterized, while their sonocatalytic activity was evaluated for the degradation of the xenobiotic Bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions. Sonocatalytic activity expressed as BPA decomposition exhibited a volcano-type behavior in relation to the Pd loading, and the 0.25Pd/CeO2 catalyst characterized by the maximum Pd dispersion and lower crystallite size demonstrated the higher activity. Using 500 mg/L of 0.25 % Pd/CeO2 increased the kinetic constant for BPA destruction by more than two times compared to sonolysis alone (20 kHz at 71 W/L). Meanwhile, the simultaneous use of ultrasound and a catalyst enhanced the efficiency by 50.1 % compared to the sum of the individual processes, resulting in 95 % BPA degradation in 60 min. The sonocatalytic degradation of BPA followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the apparent kinetic constant was increased with ultrasound power and catalyst loading, while the efficiency was decreased in bottled water and secondary effluent. From the experiments that were conducted using appropriate scavengers, it was revealed that the degradation mainly occurred on the bubble/liquid interface of the formed cavities, while the reactive species produced from the thermal or light excitation of the prepared semiconductor also participated in the reaction. Five first-stage and four late-stage transformation products were identified using UHPLC/TOF-MS, and a pathway for the sonocatalytic degradation of BPA was proposed. According to ECOSAR software prediction, most transformation by-products (TBPs) present lower ecotoxicity than the parent compound, although some remain toxic to the indicators chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Ioannidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Bampos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, GR-30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, c/ Julián Claverías, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; EkoTech Center, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Zacharias Frontistis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR-50132 Kozani, Greece.
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Vighetto V, Conte M, Rosso G, Carofiglio M, Sidoti Abate F, Racca L, Mesiano G, Cauda V. Anti-CD38 targeted nanotrojan horses stimulated by acoustic waves as therapeutic nanotools selectively against Burkitt's lymphoma cells. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:28. [PMID: 38353903 PMCID: PMC10866835 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The horizon of nanomedicine research is moving toward the design of therapeutic tools able to be completely safe per se, and simultaneously be capable of becoming toxic when externally activated by stimuli of different nature. Among all the stimuli, ultrasounds come to the fore as an innovative approach to produce cytotoxicity on demand in presence of NPs, without invasiveness, with high biosafety and low cost. In this context, zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most promising metal oxide materials for theranostic application due to their optical and semi-conductor properties, high surface reactivity, and their response to ultrasound irradiation. Here, ZnO nanocrystals constitute the stimuli-responsive core with a customized biomimicking lipidic shielding, resembling the composition of natural extracellular vesicles. This core-shell hybrid structure provides high bio- and hemocompatibility towards healthy cells and is here proofed for the treatment of Burkitt's Lymphoma. This is a very common haematological tumor, typically found in children, for which consolidated therapies are so far the combination of chemo-therapy drugs and targeted immunotherapy. In this work, the proposed safe-by-design antiCD38-targeted hybrid nanosystem exhibits an efficient selectivity toward cancerous cells, and an on-demand activation, leading to a significant killing efficacy due to the synergistic interaction between US and targeted hybrid NPs. Interestingly, this innovative treatment does not significantly affect healthy B lymphocytes nor a negative control cancer cell line, a CD38- acute myeloid leukemia, being thus highly specific and targeted. Different characterization and analyses confirmed indeed the effective formation of targeted hybrid ZnO NPs, their cellular internalization and the damages produced in Burkitt's Lymphoma cells only with respect to the other cell lines. The presented work holds promises for future clinical applications, as well as translation to other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vighetto
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Marzia Conte
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Giada Rosso
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Carofiglio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologine Mario Negri, IRCCS, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Sidoti Abate
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Racca
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Mesiano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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Liu X, Wang J, Wu Y, Wu M, Song J. Ultrasound activated probe for disease imaging and therapy In-Vivo. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 205:115158. [PMID: 38104895 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is the use of ultrasound (US) to excite sonosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce tumor cell death, thereby achieving therapeutic purposes. Based on the strong tissue penetration ability of ultrasound, SDT can realize the treatment of deeper tumors, and it is targeted, can be specifically concentrated at the tumor site, and has little impact on surrounding normal tissues. It has broad clinical transformation prospects. Therefore, sonosensitizers are the key to SDT, and the exploration of sonosensitizers with excellent therapeutic performance has received great attention. We reviewed the development of ultrasound-inspired sound sensitizers for imaging and treatment. First, different types of sonosensitizers are introduced, the construction and performance of inorganic, organic and hybrid types of sonosensitizers are evaluated, followed by a review of different image-guided SDT, and finally the key problems and solutions in this field are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jimei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 10010, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 10010, P. R. China.
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jibin Song
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 10010, P. R. China.
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Zhang Z, Yan H, Cao W, Xie S, Ran P, Wei K, Li X. Ultrasound-Chargeable Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticles to Generate Self-Propelled Motion and Photothermal/NO Therapy for Synergistic Tumor Treatment. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16089-16106. [PMID: 37515593 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer phototherapy indicates advantages in ease of manipulation, negligible drug resistance, and spatiotemporal control but is confronted with challenges in tumor cell accessibility and intermittent light excitation. Herein, we propose a strategy with persistent luminescence (PL)-excited photothermal therapy (PTT), concurrent thermophoresis-propelled motion, and PL-triggered NO release, where PL emission is chargeable by ultrasonication for readily applicable to deep tumors. Mechanoluminescent (ML) nanodots of SrAl2O4:Eu2+ (SAOE) and PL nanodots of ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ (ZGC) were deposited on mesoporous silicates to obtain mSZ nanoparticles (NPs), followed by partially coating with polydopamine (PDA) caps and loading NO donors to prepare Janus mSZ@PDA-NO NPs. The ML emission bands of SAOE nanodots overlap with the excitation band of ZGC, and the persistent near-infrared (NIR) emission could be repeatedly activated by ultrasonication. The PL emission acts as an internal NIR source to produce a thermophoretic force and NO gas propellers to drive the motion of Janus NPs. Compared with the commonly used intermittent NIR illumination at both 660 and 808 nm, the persistent motion of ultrasound-activated NPs enhances cellular uptake and long-lasting PTT and intracellular NO levels to combat tumor cells without the use of any chemotherapeutic drugs. The ultrasound-activated persistent motion promotes intratumoral accumulation and tumor distribution of PTT/NO therapeutics and exhibits significantly higher tumor growth inhibition, longer animal survival, and larger intratumoral NO levels than those who experience external NIR illumination. Thus, this study demonstrates a strategy to activate PL emissions and construct PL-excited nanomotors for phototherapy in deep tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanlin Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiong Cao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Pan Ran
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
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Tamboia G, Campanini M, Vighetto V, Racca L, Spigarelli L, Canavese G, Cauda V. A comparative analysis of low intensity ultrasound effects on living cells: from simulation to experiments. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:35. [PMID: 36279001 PMCID: PMC9592626 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasounds are already broadly exploited in clinical diagnostics and are now becoming a powerful and not harmful tool in antitumoral therapies, as they are able to produce damages towards cancer cells, thank to inertial cavitation and temperature increase. The use of US alone or combined to molecular compounds, microbubbles or solid-state nanoparticles is the focus of current research and clinical trials, like thermoablation, drug sonoporation or sonodynamic therapies. In the present work, we discuss on the non-thermal effects of ultrasound and the conditions which enable oxygen radical production and which role they can have in provoking the death of different cancer cell lines. In this perspective, we set a mathematical model to predict the pressure spatial distribution in a defined water sample volume and thus obtain a map of acoustic pressures and acoustic intensities of the applied ultrasound at different input powers. We then validate and verify these numerical results with direct acoustic measurements and by detecting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by means of sonochemiluminescence (SCL) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, applied to the same water sample volume and using the same US input parameters adopted in the simulation. Finally, the various US conditions are applied to two different set of cancer cell lines, a cervical adenocarcinoma and a hematological cancer, Burkitt’s lymphoma. We hypothesize how the ROS generation can influence the recorded cell death. In a second set of experiments, the role of semiconductor metal oxide nanocrystals, i.e. zinc oxide, is also evaluated by adding them to the water and biological systems. In particular, the role of ZnO in enhancing the ROS production is verified. Furthermore, the interplay among US and ZnO nanocrystals is evaluated in provoking cancer cell death at specific conditions. This study demonstrates a useful correlation between numerical simulation and experimental acoustic validation as well as with ROS measurement at both qualitative and quantitative levels during US irradiation of simple water solution. It further tries to translate the obtained results to justify one of the possible mechanisms responsible of cancer cell death. It thus aims to pave the way for the use of US in cancer therapy and a better understanding on the non-thermal effect that a specific set of US parameters can have on cancer cells cultured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tamboia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Michele Campanini
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Vighetto
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Racca
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Spigarelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Canavese
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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Biomechanical Sensing Using Gas Bubbles Oscillations in Liquids and Adjacent Technologies: Theory and Practical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080624. [PMID: 36005019 PMCID: PMC9406219 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas bubbles present in liquids underpin many natural phenomena and human-developed technologies that improve the quality of life. Since all living organisms are predominantly made of water, they may also contain bubbles—introduced both naturally and artificially—that can serve as biomechanical sensors operating in hard-to-reach places inside a living body and emitting signals that can be detected by common equipment used in ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging procedures. This kind of biosensor is the focus of the present article, where we critically review the emergent sensing technologies based on acoustically driven oscillations of bubbles in liquids and bodily fluids. This review is intended for a broad biosensing community and transdisciplinary researchers translating novel ideas from theory to experiment and then to practice. To this end, all discussions in this review are written in a language that is accessible to non-experts in specific fields of acoustics, fluid dynamics and acousto-optics.
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Wang H, Liu X, Yan X, Fan J, Li D, Ren J, Qu X. A MXene-derived redox homeostasis regulator perturbs the Nrf2 antioxidant program for reinforced sonodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6704-6714. [PMID: 35756527 PMCID: PMC9172572 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07073h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a spatiotemporally controllable therapeutic modality in combating cancer because of its high tissue-penetration depth and minimal invasiveness. However, the elevated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant program in cancer cells can serve as a chief reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification system to alleviate oxidative injury and promote tumorigenesis, and thus greatly antagonize the therapeutic efficacy of ROS-mediated anticancer therapies. Herein, we report that vanadium carbide MXene-derived carbon dots (PMQDs) can act as high-efficacy sonosensitizers to efficiently generate ROS upon US irradiation and simultaneously hinder the Nrf2 antioxidant program for enhanced sonodynamic therapy of cancer. These PMQDs show superior US-triggered ROS generating ability because of their efficient migration/separation of electron-hole pairs and narrow bandgap. Importantly, these PMQDs can serve as efficient redox homeostasis regulators to perturb the Nrf2 antioxidant mechanism and thus reduce its effects on ROS neutralization for enhanced SDT efficacy. Overall, the present study will not only provide a new paradigm to augment SDT by perturbing the Nrf2 antioxidant program, but also give valuable insights into developing high-efficacy MXene-derived nanoagents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Daowei Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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