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Gong T, Liu X, Wang X, Lu Y, Wang X. Applications of polysaccharides in enzyme-triggered oral colon-specific drug delivery systems: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133623. [PMID: 38969037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-triggered oral colon-specific drug delivery system (EtOCDDS1) can withstand the harsh stomach and small intestine environments, releasing encapsulated drugs selectively in the colon in response to colonic microflora, exerting local or systematic therapeutic effects. EtOCDDS boasts high colon targetability, enhanced drug bioavailability, and reduced systemic side effects. Polysaccharides are extensively used in enzyme-triggered oral colon-specific drug delivery systems, and its colon targetability has been widely confirmed, as their properties meet the demand of EtOCDDS. Polysaccharides, known for their high safety and excellent biocompatibility, feature modifiable structures. Some remain undigested in the stomach and small intestine, whether in their natural state or after modifications, and are exclusively broken down by colon-resident microbiota. Such characteristics make them ideal materials for EtOCDDS. This article reviews the design principles of EtOCDDS as well as commonly used polysaccharides and their characteristics, modifications, applications and specific mechanism for colon targeting. The article concludes by summarizing the limitations and potential of ETOCDDS to stimulate the development of innovative design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yunqian Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Wang S, Wu B, Todhanakasem T. Expanding the horizons of levan: from microbial biosynthesis to applications and advanced detection methods. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:214. [PMID: 38789837 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Levan, a β-(2,6)-linked fructose polymer, exhibits diverse properties that impart versatility, rendering it a highly sought-after biopolymer with various industrial applications. Levan can be produced by various microorganisms using sucrose, food industry byproducts and agricultural wastes. Microbial levan represents the most potent cost-effective process for commercial-scale levan production. This study reviews the optimization of levan production by understanding its biosynthesis, physicochemical properties and the fermentation process. In addition, genetic and protein engineering for its increased production and emerging methods for its detection are introduced and discussed. All of these comprehensive studies could serve as powerful tools to optimize levan production and broaden its applications across various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Wang
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Center, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Renmin Rd. S 4-13, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tatsaporn Todhanakasem
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
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Lixia L, Ying Y, Zhe L, Jiangtao L. Rapid detection of I - in food samples by cholesteric chiral artificial receptor L5. Food Chem 2023; 409:135194. [PMID: 36586267 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a cholesteric chiral artificial receptor L5 was synthesized and a rapid method for the detection of iodide ions was established. The addition of L5 to Ethanol/Tris (V/V = 1/1, pH 7.0) solution changed the iodide ion solution from colorless to light yellow to achieve the naked-eye identification. The identification pattern was confirmed with the help of spectral titration, job test and anti-interference test, and it was found that L5 bound to iodide ion in a 1:1 coordination ratio. It was also confirmed that the hydrogen atoms of the amide group of MeO-PhCONH in L5 and the hydrogen atoms of -COOCH3 in L5 interacted with I- through hydrogen bonding force by 1H NMR titration, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and computer molecular simulation. The detection limit of L5 was 0.025 µmol/L, which could efficiently and conveniently detect iodide ions in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Lixia
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Ye Ying
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Liu Zhe
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Liu Jiangtao
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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lixia L, ying Y, hong W, zhe L, Jiqian L. Rapid Detection of Ag+ in Food Using Cholesteric Chiral Artificial Receptor L5. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Two-Stage Pretreatment of Jerusalem Artichoke Stalks with Wastewater Recycling and Lignin Recovery for the Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is emerging as one of the energy plants considered for biofuel production. Alkali and alkali-involved pretreatment methods have been widely used for the bioconversion of cellulosic materials due to their high sugar yield and low inhibitor release. However, the recovery and treatment of wastewater (black liquor) have been poorly studied. Here, we present a novel two-stage pretreatment process design for recycling black liquor. Jerusalem artichoke stalk (JAS) was first treated with 2% (w/v) NaOH, after which lignin was recovered by H2SO4 at pH 2.0 from the black liquor. The recycled solutions were subsequently used to treat the NaOH-pretreated JAS for the second time to dissolve hemicellulose. CO-pretreated JAS, hydrolysates, and acid-insoluble lignin were obtained after the above-mentioned two-stage pretreatment. A reducing sugar yield of 809.98 mg/g Co-pretreated JAS was achieved after 48 h at 5% substrate concentration using a cellulase dosage of 25 FPU/g substrate. In addition, hydrolysates containing xylose and acid-insoluble lignin were obtained as byproducts. The pretreatment strategy described here using alkali and acid combined with wastewater recycling provides an alternative approach for cellulosic biorefinery.
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Tang CY, Wang J, Liu X, Chen JB, Liang J, Wang T, Simpson WR, Li YL, Li XZ. Medium optimization for high mycelial soluble protein content of Ophiocordyceps sinensis using response surface methodology. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1055055. [PMID: 36569047 PMCID: PMC9780674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1055055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is widely utilized due to its pharmaceutical value. Mycelial protein forms a key active component of O. sinensis and determines the medicinal potential of fungus. Here, we describe the development of an optimized fermentation medium to obtain more mycelial soluble protein from O. sinensis using response surface methodology (RSM) and investigate the increased mycelial protein content using transcriptomics. The maximum mycelial protein content of 2.11% was obtained using a medium consisting of 20% beef broth, 0.10% peptone, 2% glucose, 0.15% yeast extract, 0.20% KH2PO4, and 0.02% MgSO4. Transcriptome analysis identified 790 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 592 up-regulated genes and 198 down-regulated genes, optimisation resulted in more up-regulated genes. The main DEGs were enriched in metabolic pathways, ABC transporters, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. In addition, some DEGs associated with mycelial protein enhancement such as tyrosinase (TYR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutamine synthetase (glnA), and β-glucosidase may contribute to increased mycelial protein content. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to confirm gene expression and the results support the accuracy of RNA-Seq and DEG analysis. This study provides an optimized fermentation method for enhancing the mycelial protein content of O. sinensis and a reference for the effective development of O. sinensis protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jian-Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | | | - Yu-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China,*Correspondence: Yu-Ling Li,
| | - Xiu-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China,Xiu-Zhang Li,
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Bhanja A, Sutar PP, Mishra M. Inulin-A polysaccharide: Review on its functional and prebiotic efficacy. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14386. [PMID: 36166490 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The intake of dietary fibers in the regular diet results in boosting the gut microbiome and health of the host in several ways. The misapprehension about such dietary fibers of being only an indigestible product has changed into indispensable ingredient that has to be included in every healthy diet. Inulin is considered to be an important naturally occurring fructan classified under such dietary fibers. The present review intends to provide a thorough knowledge on inulin in maintaining the gut microbiome of the human, supported by several studies conducted on the Drosophila melanogaster, mice, rat models as well as effect on human being. The extraction process of inulin has also been described in this review that would provide a brief knowledge about its stability and the conditions that have been optimized by the researchers in order to obtain a stable product. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In order to meet the consumers demand, the food industries are trying to come up with new products that could eventually replace or lower the utilization of medically avail drugs and satisfy consumers by providing them with health benefits. The availability of functional food is the new trend that can improve health of the consumers with minimal use of the drugs. Therefore, inulin as a prebiotic can be utilized to produce several functional food products that could promote health benefits to the consumers. Apart from this, the review also justifies the efficacy of inulin as a fat replacer, stabilizer, and humectant in cosmetic industries. Research also suggests that inulin has also been used as nanoparticles in pharmaceutical industries. The overall review also depicts the different extraction process of inulin from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Bhanja
- Neural Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Parag Prakash Sutar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Monalisa Mishra
- Neural Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
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