1
|
Abdjan MI, Shafiq M, Nerukh D, Nur-E-Alam M, Ul-Haq Z. Exploring the mechanism of action of spirooxindoles as a class of CDK2 inhibitors: a structure-based computational approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16139-16152. [PMID: 38787638 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00844h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) regulates cell cycle checkpoints in the synthesis and mitosis phases and plays a pivotal role in cancerous cell proliferation. The activation of CDK2, influenced by various protein signaling pathways, initiates the phosphorylation process. Due to its crucial role in carcinogenesis, CDK2 is a druggable hotspot target to suppress cancer cell proliferation. In this context, several studies have identified spirooxindoles as an effective class of CDK2 inhibitors. In the present study, three spirooxindoles (SOI1, SOI2, and SOI3) were studied to understand their inhibitory mechanism against CDK2 through a structure-based approach. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to explore their interactions with CDK2 at the molecular level. The calculated binding free energy for the spirooxindole-based CDK2 inhibitors aligned well with experimental results regarding CDK2 inhibition. Energy decomposition (ED) analysis identified key binding residues, including I10, G11, T14, R36, F82, K89, L134, P155, T158, Y159, and T160, in the CDK2 active site and T-loop phosphorylation. Molecular mechanics (MM) energy was identified as the primary contributor to stabilizing inhibitor binding in the CDK2 protein structure. Furthermore, the analysis of binding affinity revealed that the inhibitor SOI1 binds more strongly to CDK2 compared to the other inhibitors under investigation. It demonstrated a robust interaction with the crucial residue T160 in the T-loop phosphorylation site, responsible for kinase activation. These insights into the inhibitory mechanism are anticipated to contribute to the development of potential CDK2 inhibitors using the spirooxindole scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikhlas Abdjan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Dmitry Nerukh
- Department of Mathematics, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Mohammad Nur-E-Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Zhu J, Zhang Q, Tang J, Huang X. Current scenario of chalcone hybrids with antibreast cancer therapeutic applications. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300640. [PMID: 38227398 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer, an epithelial malignant tumor that occurs in the terminal ducts of the breast, is the most common female malignancy. Currently, approximately 70%-80% of breast cancer with early-stage, nonmetastatic disorder is curable, but the emergency of drug resistance often leads to treatment failure. Moreover, advanced breast cancer with distant organ metastases is incurable with the available therapeutics, creating an urgent demand to explore novel antibreast cancer agents. Chalcones, the precursors for flavonoids and isoflavonoids, exhibit promising activity against various breast cancer hallmarks, inclusive of proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, inflammation, stemness, and regulation of cancer epigenetics, representing useful scaffolds for the discovery of novel antibreast cancer chemotherapeutic candidates. In particular, chalcone hybrids could act on two or more different biological targets simultaneously with more efficacy, lower toxicity, and less susceptibility to resistance. Accordingly, there is a huge scope for application of chalcone hybrids to tackle the present difficulties in breast cancer therapy. This review outlines the chalcone hybrids with antibreast cancer potential developed from 2018. The structure-activity relationships as well as mechanisms of action are also discussed to shed light on the development of more effective and multitargeted chalcone candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Breast Diseases, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juanying Zhu
- Department of Breast Diseases, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Breast Diseases, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Helal MH, Owda ME, Mogharbel AT, Hamzah Alessa A, Omer N, Abdelaziz MA, Ibrahim I, Eliwa EM. C 3-Spirooxindoles: Divergent chemical synthesis and bioactivities (2018-2023). Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107091. [PMID: 38183683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This scientific review documents the recent progress of C3-spirooxindoles chemistry (synthesis and reaction mechanism) and their bioactivities, focusing on the promising results as well as highlighting the biological mechanism via the reported molecular docking findings of the most bioactive derivatives. C3-Spirooxindoles are attractive bioactive agents and have been found in a variety of natural compounds, including alkaloids. They are widely investigated in the field of medicinal chemistry and play a key role in medication development, such as antivirals, anticancer agents, antimicrobials, etc. Regarding organic synthesis, several traditional and advanced strategies have been reported, particularly those that started with isatin derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Helal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, 91911, PO 840, Saudi Arabia
| | - Medhat E Owda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal T Mogharbel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hamzah Alessa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Omer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Essam M Eliwa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177-LCSOM, CNRS, Strasbourg University, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pourtaher H, Mohammadi Y, Hasaninejad A, Iraji A. Highly efficient, catalyst-free, one-pot sequential four-component synthesis of novel spiroindolinone-pyrazole scaffolds as anti-Alzheimer agents: in silico study and biological screening. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:207-222. [PMID: 38283217 PMCID: PMC10809384 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that impacts memory, thinking, and behavior, and currently, there is no effective cure available for its treatment. This study explored a one-pot strategy for synthesizing spiroindolinone-pyrazole derivatives through a sequential four-component condensation reaction. These derivatives were further investigated for their potential as anti-Alzheimer's disease agents. The developed synthetic procedure provides remarkable advantages, including a clean reaction profile, abundant starting materials, operational simplicity, and easy purification without traditional methods with good to excellent yields (84-96%). Next, the biological potencies of the newly synthesized spiroindolinone-pyrazole derivatives against AChE and BChE as Alzheimer's disease-related targets were determined. Also, the kinetic study and cytotoxicity of the most potent derivative were investigated. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics evaluations were performed employing in silico tools to investigate the interaction, orientation, and conformation of the potent analog over the active site of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hormoz Pourtaher
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Persian Gulf University Bushehr Iran
| | - Yasaman Mohammadi
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz 7134845794 Iran
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Alireza Hasaninejad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Persian Gulf University Bushehr Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz 7134845794 Iran
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
AbdelSamad AL, El-Saadi MT, Gouda AM, AboulMagd AM. Pyrrolizine/indolizine-bearing (un)substituted isoindole moiety: design, synthesis, antiproliferative and MDR reversal activities, and in silico studies. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30753-30770. [PMID: 37869384 PMCID: PMC10587743 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05310e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new series of pyrrolizine/indolizine derivative-bearing (un)substituted isoindole moiety were designed and synthesized. The anticancer potential of the new compounds was evaluated against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2), colorectal carcinoma, colon cancer (HCT-116), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Compounds 6d and 6o were the most potent derivatives with IC50 values ranging from 6.02 to 13.87 μM against HePG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 cell lines. Moreover, methyl analog of the fluoro-substituted indolizine derivative 6m revealed significant antiproliferative activity against HePG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 11.97, 28.37, and 19.87 μM, respectively. The most active anticancer analogs, 6d, 6m, and 6o, were inspected for their putative mechanism of action by estimating their epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK 2) inhibitory activities. Thus, compound 6o displayed the most inhibitory activity against EGFR and CDK 2 with IC50 values of 62 and 118 nM, respectively. Additionally, the quantitative real-time PCR analysis for the P-glycoprotein effect of compounds 6d, 6m, and 6o was performed, in which compound 6o illustrated significant down-regulation of P-gp against the HepG-2 cell line by 0.2732 fold. Mechanistic studies for the most active compounds involving the reversal doxorubicin (DOX) effect of compounds 6d, 6m, and 6o were performed, which illustrated cytotoxic activity with IC50 22.27, 3.88, and 8.79 μM, respectively. Moreover, the apoptotic activity of the most active derivative 6o on HCT-116 cancer cells showed accumulation in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr L AbdelSamad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University in Beni-Suef (NUB) Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
| | - Mohammed T El-Saadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantra Branch Ismailia Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Gouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
| | - Asmaa M AboulMagd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University in Beni-Suef (NUB) Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Panda SS, Girgis AS, Aziz MN, Bekheit MS. Spirooxindole: A Versatile Biologically Active Heterocyclic Scaffold. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020618. [PMID: 36677676 PMCID: PMC9861573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spirooxindoles occupy an important place in heterocyclic chemistry. Many natural spirooxindole-containing compounds have been identified as bio-promising agents. Synthetic analogs have also been synthesized utilizing different pathways. The present article summarizes the recent development of both natural and synthetic spirooxindole-containing compounds prepared from isatin or its derivatives reported in the last five years. The spirooxindoles are categorized based on their mentioned biological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marian N. Aziz
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|