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Srinivasan P, P Sivaraman S, Mohan AM, Madhu DK, K Chinaraga P, Rao CVSB, Nagarajan S, Deivasigamani P. Chromoionophoric molecular probe infused bimodal porous polymer rostrum as solid-state ocular sensor for the selective and expeditious optical sensing of ultra-trace toxic mercury ions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135483. [PMID: 39173372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a distinctive solid-state naked-eye colorimetric sensing approach by encapsulating a chromoionophoric probe onto a hybrid macro-/meso-pore polymer scaffold for fast and selective sensing of ultra-trace Hg(II). The customized structural/surface properties of the poly(VPy-co-TM) monolith are attained by specific proportions of 2-vinylpyridine (VPy), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TM), and pore-tuning solvents. The interconnected porous network of poly(VPy-co-TM), inherent superior surface area and porosity, is captivating for the homogeneous/voluminous incorporation of probe molecules, i.e., 7-((4-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl)quinoline-8-ol (MPDQ), for the target-specific colorimetric detection. The structural morphology, surface topography, and phase characteristics of the bare poly(VPy-co-TM) monolith and MPDQ@poly(VPy-co-TM) sensor are examined using HR-TEM-SAED (High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy - Selected Area Electron Diffraction), FE-SEM-EDAX (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), p-XRD (Powder X-Ray Diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), UV-Vis-DRS (Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy), and BET/BJH (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller / Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) analysis. The distinctive properties of the sensor reveal a constrained geometrical orientation of the MPDQ probe onto the long-range continuous monolithic network of meso-/-macropore template, enabling selective interaction with Hg(II) with peculiar color transfiguration from pale yellow to deep brown. The sensor demonstrates a linear spectral-color alliance in the 0-200 ppb concentration range for Hg(II), with quantification and detection limits of 0.63 and 0.19 ppb. The sensor efficacy is verified using certified contaminated water and tobacco samples, with excellent reusability, reliability, and reproducibility of ≥ 99.23 % (RSD ≤1.89 %) and ≥ 99.19 % (RSD ≤1.94 %) of Hg(II), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sushmitha P Sivaraman
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Akhila Maheswari Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Deepan Kumar Madhu
- Department of Chemistry, K. Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Samayapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu 621112, India
| | - Pitchaiah K Chinaraga
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India
| | - C V S Brahmananda Rao
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India
| | - Sivaraman Nagarajan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India
| | - Prabhakaran Deivasigamani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Srinivasan P, P Sivaraman S, Madhu DK, Sengupta P, Kattela B, Nagarajan S, Mohan AM, Deivasigamani P. Sustainable and reusable probe-encapsulated porous poly(AMST-co-TRIM) monolithic sensor for the selective and ultra-sensitive detection of toxic cadmium(II) from industrial/environmental wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133960. [PMID: 38492387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on a new type of fast responsive solid-state visual colorimetric sensor, custom engineered with dual-entwined porous polymer imbued with chromoionophoric 4-(sec-butyl)- 2-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)diazenyl)phenol (SMDP) probe for selective and ultra-sensitive colorimetric sensing of Cd(II). The polymer monolith, i.e., poly(aminostyrene-co-trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate) denoted as poly(AMST-co-TRIM), is designed through a stoichiometric blending of monomer, crosslinker, and porogens leading to superior surface area, pore and adsorption properties for the voluminous incorporation of SMDP probe for target specific ion sensing. The porosity, surface and structural characteristics of the poly(AMST-co-TRIM)monolith and poly(AMST-co-TRIM)SMDP sensor are investigated using p-XRD, XPS, TG-DTA, FT-IR, BET/BJH, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDAX, and SAED techniques. The poly(AMST-co-TRIM)SMDP sensor reveals a frozen geometrical orientation of SMDP molecules to bind selectively with Cd(II), forming stable charge-transfer complexes by exhibiting transitional visible color shifts from light yellow to dark green (λmax 608 nm). The sensor imposes a linear response from 0-200 ppb, with quantification and detection limits of 0.95 and 0.28 ppb. The fabricated sensor material is cost-effective and versatile in its solid-state naked-eye sensing, with excellent reusability. The sensor performance has been verified using various environmentally contaminated water and commercial cigarette samples, with a recovery of ≥ 99.12% and an RSD of ≤ 1.95%, thus reflecting exceptional data reproducibility/reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sushmitha P Sivaraman
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Deepan Kumar Madhu
- Department of Chemistry, K. Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Samayapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu 621112, India
| | - Pratiksha Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Bhargavi Kattela
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sivaraman Nagarajan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India
| | - Akhila Maheswari Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Prabhakaran Deivasigamani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Gigi G, Mohan AM. Probe-impregnated monolithic polymer as a robust solid-state colorimetric chemosensor for selective sensing of Hg 2+ in environmental water and cigarette samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115210. [PMID: 36626947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current study developed a novel aqua-compatible and naked-eye portable solid-state opto-sensor for selective and sensitive detection of ultra-trace Hg2+ ions. The developed chemosensor was fabricated by the direct impregnation of a chromoionophoric probe composed of 2,3-bis((4-isopropylbenzylidene)amino)maleonitrile (PDPM) onto the surface of structurally tailored porous polymer monolithic framework. The template exhibited a highly porous network with greater surface area, which led to the effective anchoring of probe molecules onto the surface of the polymer template, thus serving as an efficient platform to constitute a regenerative solid-state chemosensor. The sensor rendered a superior color shift from dull white to dijon yellow after complexing with Hg2+. The surface, structural, and morphological aspects of the sensor were evaluated using FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDAX, SAED, p-XRD, N2 adsorption isotherm, and XPS. Rigorous optimization of the effects of different analytical parameters on the sensing performance of the PDPM sensor material was ensured. The monolithic sensor had an optimum sensing performance at pH 8.0, rapid signal response kinetics of 60s and a broad linear response range of 0.5-150.0 μg/L with a 0.22 μg/L detection limit. Furthermore, the sensor was also tolerant of foreign matrix constituents, thereby enabling it to be highly selective in detecting Hg2+. Sensor recovery was analyzed to be possible via Hg2+ desorption using 0.01 M EDTA without compromising its sensing performance. It had reutilization potential for up to eight regenerative cycles with excellent data reliability (recovery ≥99.4% and RSD ≤1.4%). The practicability of the fabricated sensor was investigated using various water and cigarette samples. Experimental data revealed that the developed chromoionophoric sensor was reusable, eco-friendly, low-cost, and possessed superior sensing capabilities, making it more feasible for on-site analysis of environmental samples. The designed sensor has the potential for further investigations and applications as a sensor kit for facilitating heavy metal detection in remote places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greeshma Gigi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Akhila Maheswari Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Srinivasan P, Deivasigamani P. Solid-state naked-eye sensing of Cu(II) from industrial effluents and environmental water samples using probe integrated polymeric sensor materials. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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