Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Synthesized Pyrazolopyrimidine Alleviate Diabetic Effects in Rats Induced by Type II Diabetes

Effect of zinc oxide nanocomposite and ginger extract on lipid profile, glucose, pancreatic tissue and expression of Gpx1 and Tnf-α genes in diabetic rat model

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a life-threatening health condition that requires expensive treatment and places a significant financial burden on society. Consequently, this study aimed to explore the potential of low and high concentrations of ginger extract, ZnO-NPs, and a combination of both to help manage diabetes and reduce high levels of lipids in diabetic rats.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The research focused on agglomerated nanoparticles under 100 nm, specifically ZnO nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles was determined using X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy analysis, with a monodisperse particle size distribution of 20 to 48 nm and an average size of 38 nm, as shown by dynamic light scattering. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of typical peaks of ginger extract and ZnO-NPs in the nanocomposite structure. The pancreatic tissue histopathological study indicated that a concentration of 10 mg/kg of the composite had the most significant antidiabetic effect compared to other treatments. Lower concentrations could significantly reduce and balance fasting blood sugar and triglycerides levels while also increasing the high-density lipoproteins levels. However, all treatments induced a significant decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins levels. Only metformin and ZnO-NPs in lower concentrations could decrease very low-density lipoproteins levels. The molecular technique showed that a low concentration of the composite led to the most significant decrease in Tnf-α gene expression compared to the diabetic group. The expression of the glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) gene in treated groups had no significant difference with the level of Gpx1 expression in the control rats.

CONCLUSIONS

In general, this study demonstrated that lower concentrations of the treatments, especially composite, were more effective for treating diabetic rats due to reduced pancreatic tissue damage.

Lower serum zinc level is associated with higher fasting insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and relates with disturbed glucagon suppression response in male patients

AIMS

Zinc ion can play critical role in glycemic control in diabetes mellitus (DM), contributing to both insulin synthesis and secretion. In this study, we aimed to investigate the level of zinc in diabetic patients and its association with glycemic parameters, insulin, and glucagon level.

METHODS

112 individuals (59 cases of type 2DM and 53 non-diabetic controls) were included in this study. Biochemical parameters (FBG, 2hpp, HbA1C), and zinc level in the serum were measured using colorimetric assays. Insulin and glucagon were measured by ELISA method. HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, reciprocal HOMA-B, and Quicki indices were calculated using appropriate formula. For further analysis, patients were divided into two groups: high (>135.5 μg/dl) and low (<135.5 μg/dl) zinc. Glucagon suppression was considered yes if 2hpp glucagon < fasting glucagon.

RESULTS

Our results showed that serum Zn level in type 2 DM patients was lower than control (P value=0.02). Patients with lower Zn had higher fasting insulin (P value=0.006) and higher β-cell activity index (HOMA-B, p value=0.02), however fasting glucagon and parameters of hyperglycemia (FBG, 2hpp, Hba1C) were not different. Moreover, insulin sensitivity and resistance indices (Quicki, HOMA-IR,1/HOMA-IR) showed non-significantly improved status in high Zn group. We found non-significant association between glucagon suppression and Zn level in both genders (N = 39, p value = 0.07), however, it was significant in males (N = 14, p value = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Altogether, our results indicated reduced serum Zn in type 2DM can exacerbate hyperinsulinemia and glucagon suppression (only significant in the male), highlighting its importance in type 2DM control.

Eco-friendly chitosan-based nanostructures in diabetes mellitus therapy: Promising bioplatforms with versatile therapeutic perspectives

Nature-derived polymers, or biopolymers, are among the most employed materials for the development of nanocarriers. Chitosan (CS) is derived from the acetylation of chitin, and this biopolymer displays features such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and ease of modification. CS-based nano-scale delivery systems have been demonstrated to be promising carriers for drug and gene delivery, and they can provide site-specific delivery of cargo. Owing to the high biocompatibility of CS-based nanocarriers, they can be used in the future in clinical trials. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that can develop due to a lack of insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity. Recently, CS-based nanocarriers have been extensively applied for DM therapy. Oral delivery of insulin is the most common use of CS nanoparticles in DM therapy, and they improve the pharmacological bioavailability of insulin. Moreover, CS-based nanostructures with mucoadhesive features can improve oral bioavailability of insulin. CS-based hydrogels have been developed for the sustained release of drugs and the treatment of DM complications such as wound healing. Furthermore, CS-based nanoparticles can mediate delivery of phytochemicals and other therapeutic agents in DM therapy, and they are promising compounds for the treatment of DM complications, including nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. The surface modification of nanostructures with CS can improve their properties in terms of drug delivery and release, biocompatibility, and others, causing high attention to these nanocarriers in DM therapy.

Antidiabetic potential of Gymnemic acid mediated gold nanoparticles (Gym@AuNPs) on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats-An implication on in vivo approach

Gymnemic acid is glycosides of triterpene with recognized and valuable applications for several chronic diseases, mainly diabetics. Despite this, it requires a delivery system in order to range its therapeutic target due to its limited solubility and bioavailability. Therefore, the Gymnemic acid mediated gold nanoparticles (Gym@AuNPs) was synthesised by eco-friendly approach. The synthesised Gym@AuNPs was confirmed by the colour change from light yellow to a deep ruby red. UV - visible spectroscopy results showed a strong narrow peak at 530 nm, confirming the controlled synthesis of monodispersed Gym@AuNPs. The reduction potential of standard Gymnemic acid (Gym) on synthesis of Gym@AuNPs was confirmed by using HPLC analysis. The spherical shaped Gym@AuNPs was observed by FESEM and HR-TEM studies with average size of 48.52 ± 5.53 nm. The XRD analysis exhibited a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline nature of Gym@AuNPs. The in vivo antidiabetic activity of Gym and Gym@AuNPs were validated using Streptozotocin induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. The Gym@AuNPs and Gym were regulates the glucose and lipid levels in experimental animals. The histopathology outcomes shown that the Gym@AuNPs were restoration of pancreatic islets cells in the animals. This investigation demonstrated that the Gym@AuNPs had the potential anti-diabetic properties.