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Ghosh A, Kumar S, Singh PP, Nandi S, Mandal M, Pradhan D, Khatua BB, Das RK. Dynamic Metal-Coordinated Adhesive and Self-Healable Antifreezing Hydrogels for Strain Sensing, Flexible Supercapacitors, and EMI Shielding Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33204-33223. [PMID: 39100348 PMCID: PMC11292641 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic metal-coordinated adhesive and self-healable hydrogel materials have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their potential applications in various fields. These hydrogels can form reversible metal-ligand bonds, resulting in a network structure that can be easily broken and reformed, leading to self-healing capabilities. In addition, these hydrogels possess excellent mechanical strength and flexibility, making them suitable for strain-sensing applications. In this work, we have developed a mechanically robust, highly stretchable, self-healing, and adhesive hydrogel by incorporating Ca2+-dicarboxylate dynamic metal-ligand cross-links in combination with low density chemical cross-links into a poly(acrylamide-co-maleic acid) copolymer structure. Utilizing the reversible nature of the Ca2+-dicarboxylate bond, the hydrogel exhibited a tensile strength of up to ∼250 kPa and was able to stretch to 15-16 times its original length. The hydrogel exhibited a high fracture energy of ∼1500 J m-2, similar to that of cartilage. Furthermore, the hydrogel showed good recovery, fatigue resistance, and fast self-healing properties due to the reversible Ca2+-dicarboxylate cross-links. The presence of Ca2+ resulted in a highly conductive hydrogel, which was utilized to design a flexible resistive strain sensor. This hydrogel can strongly adhere to different substrates, making it advantageous for applications in flexible electronic devices. When adhered to human body parts, the hydrogel can efficiently detect limb movements. The hydrogel also exhibited excellent performance as a solid electrolyte for flexible supercapacitors, with a capacitance of ∼260 F/g at 0.5 A/g current density. Due to its antifreezing and antidehydration properties, this hydrogel retains its flexibility at subzero temperatures for an extended period. Additionally, the porous network and high water content of the hydrogel impart remarkable electromagnetic attenuation properties, with a value of ∼38 dB in the 14.5-20.5 GHz frequency range, which is higher than any other hydrogel without conducting fillers. Overall, the hydrogel reported in this study exhibits diverse applications as a strain sensor, solid electrolyte for flexible supercapacitors, and efficient material for electromagnetic attenuation. Its multifunctional properties make it a promising candidate for use in various fields as a state-of-the-art material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Ghosh
- Materials
Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Materials
Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Prem Pal Singh
- Materials
Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Suvendu Nandi
- School
of Medical Science and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School
of Medical Science and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Debabrata Pradhan
- Materials
Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Bhanu Bhusan Khatua
- Materials
Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Rajat Kumar Das
- Materials
Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Zhang M, Ren J, Li R, Zhang W, Li Y, Yang W. Multifunctional sodium lignosulfonate/xanthan gum/sodium alginate/polyacrylamide ionic hydrogels composite as a high-performance wearable strain sensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129718. [PMID: 38296129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Recently, conductive hydrogels have shown great promise in flexible electronics and are ideal materials for the preparation of wearable strain sensors. However, developing a simple method to produce conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, self-adhesion, transparency, anti-freezing, and UV resistance remains a significant challenge. A novel sodium lignosulfonate/xanthan gum/sodium alginate/polyacrylamide/Zn2+/DMSO (SLS/XG/SA/PAM/Zn2+/DMSO) ionic conductive hydrogel was developed using a one-pot method. The resulting ionic conductive hydrogels have excellent mechanical properties (stress: 0.13 MPa, strain: 1629 %), high anti-fatigue properties, self-adhesion properties (iron: 7.37 kPa, pigskin: 4.74 kPa), anti-freezing (freezing point: -33.49 °C) and UV resistance by constructing a chemical and physical hybrid cross-linking network. In particular, the conductivity of G hydrogel reached 6.02 S/m at room temperature and 5.52 S/m at -20 °C. Thus, the hydrogel was assembled into a flexible sensor that could distinguish a variety of large and small scales human movements, such as joint bending, swallowing and speaking in real time with high stability and sensitivity. Moreover, the hydrogel could be used as electronic skin just like human skin and touch screen pen to write.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Zhang
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Jie Ren
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Ruirui Li
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Wu Yang
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
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Zhao R, Zhao Z, Song S, Wang Y. Multifunctional Conductive Double-Network Hydrogel Sensors for Multiscale Motion Detection and Temperature Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59854-59865. [PMID: 38095585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
As typical soft materials, hydrogels have demonstrated great potential for the fabrication of flexible sensors due to their highly compatible elastic modulus with human skin, prominent flexibility, and biocompatible three-dimensional network structure. However, the practical application of wearable hydrogel sensors is significantly constrained because of weak adhesion, limited stretchability, and poor self-healing properties of traditional hydrogels. Herein, a multifunctional sodium hyaluronate (SH)/borax (B)/gelatin (G) double-cross-linked conductive hydrogel (SBG) was designed and constructed through a simple one-pot blending strategy with SH and gelatin as the gel matrix and borax as the dynamic cross-linker. The obtained SBG hydrogels exhibited a moderate tensile strength of 25.3 kPa at a large elongation of 760%, high interfacial toughness (106.5 kJ m-3), strong adhesion (28 kPa to paper), and satisfactory conductivity (224.5 mS/m). In particular, the dynamic cross-linking between SH, gelatin, and borax via borate ester bonds and hydrogen bonds between SH and gelatin chain endowed the SBG hydrogels with good fatigue resistance (>300 cycles), rapid self-healing performance (HE (healing efficiency) ∼97.03%), and excellent repeatable adhesion. The flexible wearable sensor assembled with SBG hydrogels demonstrated desirable strain sensing performance with a competitive gauge factor and exceptional stability, which enabled it to detect and distinguish various multiscale human motions and physiological signals. Furthermore, the flexible sensor is capable of precisely perceiving temperature variation with a high thermal sensitivity (1.685% °C-1). As a result, the wearable sensor displayed dual sensory performance for temperature and strain deformation. It is envisioned that the integration of strain sensors and thermal sensors provide a novel and convenient strategy for the next generation of multisensory wearable electronics and lay a solid foundation for their application in electronic skin and soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Zengdian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore639798, Singapore
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Yu B, Long J, Huang T, Xiang Z, Liu M, Zhang X, Zhu J, Yu H. Core-Sheath Fiber-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Straight-Arm Sit-Up Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31427-31435. [PMID: 37663522 PMCID: PMC10468956 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based triboelectric nanogenerators (F-TENGs), a green and sustainable energy-harvesting and transformation technology, hold great potential in the areas of portable energy harvesters and smart wearable sensors. Herein, the core-sheath structure F-TENGs (CF-TENGs) are developed by using continuous production equipment. The CF-TENGs, consisting of an elastic conductive fiber (core layer) and silicone rubber (sheath layer), can simultaneously accomplish stable reversible strain and excellent electrical output performance. High outputs (an open-circuit voltage of 17.5 V and a short-circuit current of 0.1 μA at a frequency of 1 Hz) can be attained when the CF-TENGs (a length of 5 cm) are contacted with a nylon fabric. The CF-TENGs not only act as self-powered sensors for applications in motion monitoring but also efficiently transfer mechanical energy into electric energy. As self-powered wearable sensors, the CF-TENGs can accurately indicate various human physiological movements. Moreover, they can be applied on straight-arm sit-up sensing to achieve standardized sport testing. Importantly, a CF-TENG-based weaved fabric presents high electrical performance to meet requirements as an energy harvester. These CF-TENGs provide a significant insight to facilitate the development of fiber-based triboelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- State
Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science & Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jing Long
- State
Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science & Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- State
Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science & Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchen Xiang
- State
Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science & Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- State
Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science & Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State
Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science & Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jianghua Zhu
- Department
of Physical Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- State
Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials,
College of Material Science & Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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Li R, Ren J, Li M, Zhang M, Li Y, Yang W. Self-healing, self-adhesive, stretchable and flexible conductive hydrogels for high-performance strain sensors. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:5723-5736. [PMID: 37458401 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have been widely studied for their potential application as wearable sensors due to their flexibility and biocompatibility. However, the simultaneous incorporation of excellent stretchability, toughness, conductivity, self-healing, and adhesion via a simple method remains a great challenge. Herein, a multifunctional hydrogel with self-adhesion, self-healing, conductivity, and mechanical properties was fabricated by ionic cross-linking of chitosan (CS), the acrylic acid (AA) polymer, and tea polyphenols (TPs) in the presence of graphitized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in this work. The resultant hydrogel has unique self-healing properties (94.11% for strain self-healing and 90.60% for stress self-healing) and mechanical properties. The fracture stress was 0.075 MPa when the strain was 1184%, and the toughness reached 0.48 MJ m-3. The synergistic effect of free ions and CNTs endows the hydrogel with an excellent electrical conductivity (6.67 S m-1). Moreover, the hydrogel can adhere to various organic and inorganic materials. It exhibits repeatable self-adhesion to human skin and can be peeled off completely without any residual, irritation or allergic reactions. Additionally, the hydrogel also has good strain sensitivity and exhibits stable output signals in motion monitoring of the human body as a biosensor. Therefore, this work provides a new prospect for the design of multifunctional hydrogels for their potential applications in wearable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Li
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Ren
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Li
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Minmin Zhang
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Li
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Wu Yang
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering College, Northwest Normal University, Key Lab of Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education of Ecological Environment, Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China.
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