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Yu Y, Hu Y, Yan H, Zeng X, Yang H, Xu L, Sheng R. Discovery of 5-(1-benzyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as novel RIPK1 inhibitors via structure-based virtual screening. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22235. [PMID: 39021343 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
RIPK1 plays a key role in necroptosis and is associated with various inflammatory diseases. Using structure-based virtual screening, a novel hit with 5-(1-benzyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole scaffold was identified as an RIPK1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.3 μM. Further structure-activity relationship study was performed based on similarity research and biological evaluation. The molecular dynamics simulation of compound 2 with RIPK1 indicated that it may act as a type II kinase inhibitor. This study provides a highly efficient way to discover novel scaffold RIPK1 inhibitors for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhen Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haodong Yang
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Rong Sheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
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2
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Stofberg ML, Muzenda FL, Achilonu I, Strauss E, Zininga T. In silico screening of selective ATP mimicking inhibitors targeting the Plasmodium falciparum Grp94. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38498364 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2329304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum parasites export more than 400 proteins to remodel the host cell environment and increase its chances of surviving and reproducing. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a central role in protein export by facilitating protein sorting and folding. The ER resident member of the Hsp90 family, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), is a molecular chaperone that facilitates the proper folding of client proteins in the ER lumen. In P. falciparum, Grp94 (PfGrp94) is essential for parasite survival, rendering it a promising anti-malarial drug target. Despite this, its druggability has not been fully explored. Consequently, this study sought to identify small molecule inhibitors targeting the PfGrp94. Potential small molecule inhibitors of PfGrp94 were designed and screened using in silico studies. Molecular docking studies indicate that two novel compounds, Compound S and Compound Z selectively bind to PfGrp94 over its human homologues. Comparatively, Compound Z had a higher affinity for PfGrp94 than Compound S. Further interrogation of the inhibitor binding using molecular dynamics (MD) analysis confirmed that Compound Z formed stable binding poses within the ATP-binding pocket of the PfGrp94 N-terminal domain (NTD) during the 250 ns simulation run. PfGrp94 interacted with Compound Z through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with residues Asp 148, Asn 106, Gly 152, Ile 151 and Lys 113. Based on the findings of this study, Compound Z could serve as a competitive and selective inhibitor of PfGrp94 and may be useful as a starting point for the development of a potential drug for malaria.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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3
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Rymbai E, Roy D, Jupudi S, Srinivasadesikan V. The identification of c-Abl inhibitors as potential agents for Parkinson's disease: a preliminary in silico approach. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10796-3. [PMID: 38273156 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder worldwide. PD is primarily associated with the mutation, overexpression, and phosphorylation of α-synuclein. At the molecular level, the upstream protein c-Abl, a tyrosine kinase, has been shown to regulate α-synuclein activation and expression patterns. This study aimed to identify potential c-Abl inhibitors through in silico approaches. Molecular docking was performed using PyRx software, followed by Prime MM-GBSA studies. BBB permeability and toxicity were predicted using CBligand and ProTox-II, respectively. ADME was assessed using QikProp. Molecular dynamics were carried out using Desmond (Academic version). DFT calculations were performed using the Gaussian 16 suite program. The binding scores of the top hits, norimatinib, DB07326, and entinostat were - 11.8 kcal/mol, - 11.8 kcal/mol, and - 10.8 kcal/mol, respectively. These hits displayed drug-likeness with acceptable ADME properties, except for the standard, nilotinib, which violated Lipinski's rule of five. Similarly, the molecular dynamics showed that the top hits remained stable during the 100 ns simulation. DFT results indicate DB04739 as a potent reactive hit. While based on toxicity prediction, entinostat may be a potential candidate for preclinical and clinical testing in PD. Further studies are warranted to confirm the activity and efficacy of these ligands for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emdormi Rymbai
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Dhritiman Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Srikanth Jupudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Srinivasadesikan
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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4
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Siddiqui NF, Vishwakarma P, Thakur S, Jadhav HR. Bioactivity predictions and virtual screening using machine learning predictive model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38217308 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2300132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Recently, there has been significant attention on machine learning algorithms for predictive modeling. Prediction models for enzyme inhibitors are limited, and it is essential to account for chemical biases while developing them. The lack of repeatability in available models and chemical bias issues constrain drug discovery and development. A new prediction model for enzyme inhibitors has been developed, and the model efficacy was checked using Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. A Python script was prepared and can be provided for personal use upon request. Among various machine learning algorithms, it was found that Random Forest offers the best accuracy. Two models were compared, one with diverse training and test data and the other with a random split. It was concluded that machine learning predictive models based on the Murcko scaffold can address chemical bias concerns. In-silico screening of the Drug Bank database identified two molecules against DPP-4, which are previously proven hit molecules. The approach was further validated through molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations, demonstrating the credibility and relevance of the developed model for future investigations and potential translation into clinical applications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Fatima Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, RJ, India
| | - Pinky Vishwakarma
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, RJ, India
| | - Shikha Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, RJ, India
| | - Hemant R Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, RJ, India
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5
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Haque A, Khan MWA, Alenezi KM, Soury R, Khan MS, Ahamad S, Mushtaque M, Gupta D. Synthesis, Characterization, Antiglycation Evaluation, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Studies of 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1810-1820. [PMID: 38222574 PMCID: PMC10785283 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The design and development of new small-molecule glycation inhibitors are essential for preventing various chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, immunoinflammation, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. 4-Thiazolidinone or thiazolidine-4-one is a well-known heterocyclic compound with the potential to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products. In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of four new 5-arylidene 3-cyclopropyl-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one (1-4) compounds and their human serum albumin glycation inhibitory activity. One of the compounds 5-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylidene)-3-cyclopropyl-2-(phenylimino)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (3) showed potent inhibition in the synthesis of initial, intermediary, and final products of glycation reactions. Besides, conformational changes in the α-helix and β-sheet (due to hyperglycemia) were also found to be reversed upon the addition of (3). Experimental findings were complemented by computational [molecular docking, ADME/Tox, and density functional theory (DFT)] studies. The docking scores of the compounds were in order 1 > 3 > 2 > 4, indicating the importance of the polar group at the 5-arylidene moiety. The results of ADME/Tox and DFT calculations revealed the safe nature of the compounds with high drug-likeness and stability. Overall, we speculate that the results of this study could provide valuable insights into the biological activity of 4-thiazolidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanul Haque
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical
and Diagnostic Research Centre, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Wajid Ali Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical
and Diagnostic Research Centre, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf M. Alenezi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical
and Diagnostic Research Centre, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raoudha Soury
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical
and Diagnostic Research Centre, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad S. Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan
Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Shahzaib Ahamad
- Translational
Bioinformatics Group, International Centre
for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Md. Mushtaque
- Department
of Chemistry, Millat College (A Constituent
College of Lalit Narayan Mithila University), Darbhanga 846003, Bihar, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Translational
Bioinformatics Group, International Centre
for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 110067, New Delhi, India
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6
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Zhou M, Ma X, Gao M, Wu H, Liu Y, Shi X, Dai M. Paeonol Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Senescence via SIRT1/P53/TRF2 Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2024; 29:261. [PMID: 38202844 PMCID: PMC10780795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to various vascular diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence promotes atherosclerotic inflammation and the formation of plaque necrosis core, in part through telomere damage mediated by a high-fat diet. Our previous research found that paeonol, a potential anti-inflammatory agent extracted from Cortex Moutan, could significantly improve VSMCs dysfunction. However, the impact of paeonol on the senescence of VSMCs remains unexplored. This study presents the protective effects of paeonol on VSMCs senescence, and its potential activity in inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nuclear deacetylase involved in cell proliferation, senescence, telomere damage, and inflammation. Here, SIRT1 was identified as a potential target of paeonol having anti-senescence and anti-atherosclerosis activity. Mechanistic studies revealed that paeonol binds directly to SIRT1 and then activates the SIRT1/P53/TRF2 pathway to inhibit VSMCs senescence. Our results suggested that SIRT1-mediated VSMCs senescence is a promising druggable target for atherosclerosis, and that pharmacological modulation of the SIRT1/P53/TRF2 signaling pathway by paeonol is of potential benefit for patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (M.Z.); (X.M.); (M.G.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (M.Z.); (X.M.); (M.G.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Menglong Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (M.Z.); (X.M.); (M.G.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hongfei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (M.Z.); (X.M.); (M.G.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Yarong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (M.Z.); (X.M.); (M.G.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (M.Z.); (X.M.); (M.G.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Min Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (M.Z.); (X.M.); (M.G.); (H.W.); (Y.L.)
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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7
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Lavrentaki V, Kousaxidis A, Theodosis-Nobelos P, Papagiouvannis G, Koutsopoulos K, Nicolaou I. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of indazole carboxamides of N-substituted pyrrole derivatives as soybean lipoxygenase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10775-8. [PMID: 38145424 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we attempted to develop a novel class of compounds against lipoxygenase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes implicated in a series of inflammatory diseases. Given the absence of appropriate human 5-lipoxygenase crystallographic data, solved soybean lipoxygenase-1 and -3 structures were used as a template to generate an accurate pharmacophore model which was further used for virtual screening purposes. Eight compounds (1-8) have been derived from the in-house library consisting of N-substituted pyrroles conjugated with 5- or 6-indazole moieties through a carboxamide linker. This study led to the discovery of hit molecule 8 bearing a naphthyl group with the IC50 value of 22 μM according to soybean lipoxygenase in vitro assay. Isosteric replacement of naphthyl ring with quinoline moieties and reduction of carbonyl carboxamide group resulted in compounds 9-12 and 13, respectively. Compound 12 demonstrated the most promising enzyme inhibition. In addition, compounds 8 and 12 were found to reduce the carrageenan-induced paw edema in vivo by 52.6 and 49.8%, respectively. In view of the encouraging outcomes concerning their notable in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, compounds 8 and 12 could be further optimized for the discovery of novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors in future. A structure-based 3D pharmacophore model was used in the virtual screening of in-house library to discover novel potential 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lavrentaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Kousaxidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, 1036, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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8
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Khan S, Madhi SA, Olwagen C. Structure-based identification of novel inhibitors targeting the enoyl-ACP reductase enzyme of Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21331. [PMID: 38044353 PMCID: PMC10694131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen primarily associated with nosocomial infections resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in adults and infants, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where the clinical burden is high. New therapeutics are needed to treat multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections and reduce transmission. The study used computer-integrated drug discovery approaches including pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation to screen potential inhibitors against the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase-FabI protein of Acinetobacter baumannii. The top three potential inhibitors: 21272541 > 89795992 > 89792657 showed favourable binding free energies including coulombic energy, van der Waals energy, and polar and non-polar energies. Furthermore, all three complexes were extremely stable and compact with reduced fluctuations during the simulations period. Inhibitor 21272541 exhibited the highest binding affinity against the Acinetobacter baumannii FabI protein. This is similar to our recent report, which also identified 21272541 as the lead inhibitor against Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Future clinical studies evaluating drug effectiveness should prioritise inhibitor 21272541 which could be effective in treating infections caused by Gram-negative organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Khan
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Courtney Olwagen
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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9
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Adnan M, DasGupta D, Anwar S, Shamsi A, Siddiqui AJ, Snoussi M, Bardakci F, Patel M, Hassan MI. Mechanistic insights into MARK4 inhibition by galantamine toward therapeutic targeting of Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1276179. [PMID: 37795023 PMCID: PMC10546050 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1276179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hyperphosphorylation of tau is an important event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, leading to the generation of "neurofibrillary tangles," a histopathological hallmark associated with the onset of AD and related tauopathies. Microtubule-affinity regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) is an evolutionarily conserved Ser-Thr (S/T) kinase that phosphorylates tau and microtubule-associated proteins, thus playing a critical role in AD pathology. The uncontrolled neuronal migration is attributed to overexpressed MARK4, leading to disruption in microtubule dynamics. Inhibiting MARK4 is an attractive strategy in AD therapeutics. Methods: Molecular docking was performed to see the interactions between MARK4 and galantamine (GLT). Furthermore, 250 ns molecular dynamic studies were performed to investigate the stability and conformational dynamics of the MARK4-GLT complex. We performed fluorescence binding and isothermal titration calorimetry studies to measure the binding affinity between GLT and MARK4. Finally, an enzyme inhibition assay was performed to measure the MARK4 activity in the presence and absence of GLT. Results: We showed that GLT, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, binds to the active site cavity of MARK4 with an appreciable binding affinity. Molecular dynamic simulation for 250 ns demonstrated the stability and conformational dynamics of the MARK4-GLT complex. Fluorescence binding and isothermal titration calorimetry studies suggested a strong binding affinity. We further show that GLT inhibits the kinase activity of MARK4 significantly (IC50 = 5.87 µM). Conclusion: These results suggest that GLT is a potential inhibitor of MARK4 and could be a promising therapeutic target for AD. GLT's inhibition of MARK4 provides newer insights into the mechanism of GLT's action, which is already used to improve cognition in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debarati DasGupta
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fevzi Bardakci
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Research and Development Cell, Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, New Delhi, India
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