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Irfan M, Khan HA, Bibi S, Wu G, Ali A, Khan SG, Alhokbany N, Rasool F, Chen K. Exploration of nonlinear optical properties of 4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)-N-phenylpropanamide based derivatives: experimental and DFT approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2732. [PMID: 38302494 PMCID: PMC10834427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Triazoles, nitrogen-containing heterocycles, have gained attention for their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, agrochemicals, and material sciences. In the current study, we synthesized novel derivatives of N-substituted 2-((5-(3-bromophenyl)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)-N-phenylpropanamide and conducted a comprehensive investigation using density functional theory (DFT). These novel structural hybrids of 1,2,4-triazole were synthesized through the multi-step chemical modifications of 3-bromobenzoic acid (1). Initially, compound 1 was converted into its methyl-3-bromobenzoate (2) which was then transformed into 3-bromobenzohydrazide (3). The final step involved the cyclization of compound 3, producing its 1,2,4-triazole derivative (4). This intermediate was then coupled with different electrophiles, resulting in the formation of the final derivatives (7a-7c). Additionally, the characterization of these triazole-based compounds (7a, 7b, and 7c) were carried out using techniques such as IR, HNMR, and UV-visible spectroscopy to understand their structural and spectroscopic properties. The DFT study utilized M06/6-311G(d,p) functional to investigate geometrical parameters, HOMO-LUMO energies, natural bond orbital analyses, transition density matrix (TDM), density of states, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The FMO analysis revealed that compound 7c exhibited the lowest band gap value (4.618 eV). Notably, compound 7c exhibited significant linear polarizability (4.195 > × 10-23) and first and second hyperpolarizabilities (6.317 > × 10-30, 4.314 × 10-35), signifying its potential for nonlinear optical applications. These NLO characteristics imply that each of our compounds, especially 7c, plays a crucial part in fabricating materials showing promising NLO properties for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shamsa Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Norah Alhokbany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Rasool
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Khalid M, Murtaza S, Gull K, Abid S, Imran M, Braga AAC. Influence of acceptors on the optical nonlinearity of 5 H-4-oxa-1,6,9-trithia-cyclopenta[ b]-as-indacene-based chromophores with a push-pull assembly: a DFT approach. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1169-1185. [PMID: 38174281 PMCID: PMC10762516 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06673h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a series of compounds (TPD1-TPD6) having a D-π-A architecture was quantum chemically designed via the structural modulation of TPR. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to gain a comprehensive insight into the structural and optoelectronic properties of the designed molecules at the M06/6-311G(d,p) level. Interestingly, all the designed chromophores displayed narrow energy gaps (2.123-1.788 eV) and wider absorption spectra (λmax = 833.619-719.709 nm) with a bathochromic shift in comparison to the reference compound (λmax = 749.602 nm and Egap = 3.177 eV). Further, Egap values were utilized to evaluate global reactivity parameters (GRPs), which indicate that all the chromophores expressed higher softness (σ = 0.134-0.559 eV-1) and lower hardness (η = 4.155-4.543 eV) values than the reference chromophore. Efficient charge transfer from donors towards acceptors was noted through FMOs, which was also supported by DOS and TDM analyses. Overall, the TPD3 derivative exhibited a remarkable reduction in the HOMO-LUMO band gap (1.788 eV) with a red shift as λmax = 833.619 nm. Furthermore, it exhibited prominent linear and non-linear characteristics such as μtotal = 24.1731 D, 〈α〉 = 2.89 × 10-22 esu, and βtotal = 7.24 × 10-27 esu, among all derivatives. The above findings revealed that significant non-linear optical materials could be achieved through structural tailoring with studied efficient acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Murtaza
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Khansa Gull
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Saba Abid
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ataualpa A C Braga
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 São Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
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Abid S, Khalid M, Sagir M, Imran M, Braga AAC, Chandra Ojha S. Exploration of nonlinear optical enhancement in acceptor-π-donor indacenodithiophene based derivatives via structural variations: a DFT approach. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28076-28088. [PMID: 37746336 PMCID: PMC10517168 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04858f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a series of indacenodithiophene-based derivatives (TNPD1-TNPD6) were designed having D-π-A architecture via end capped acceptor modulation of a reference molecule (TNPR) to investigate nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior. Quantum chemical calculations were accomplished to examine electronic, structural and optical properties utilizing a density functional theory (DFT) approach at M06 functional with 6-311G(d,p) basis set. For this, natural bond orbitals (NBOs), density of states (DOS), frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), transition density matrix (TDM) and non-linear optical (NLO) analyses were performed for TNPR and TNPD1-TNPD6. The structural modifications revealed a significant electronic contribution in tuning the HOMOs and LUMOs of the derivatives with lowered energy gaps and wider absorption spectra. FMOs findings revealed that compound TNPD5 was found with the lowest energy gap (1.692 eV) and with the highest softness (0.591 eV-1) among the derivatives. Furthermore, a UV-Vis study also disclosed that maximum absorption (λmax = 852.242 nm) was exhibited by TNPD5 in chloroform solvent. All the derivatives exhibited significant NLO results; in particular, TNPD5 showed the highest first hyper-polarizability (βtot = 4.653 × 10-27 esu) and second hyper-polarizability (γtot = 9.472 × 10-32 esu). These DFT findings revealed that the end-capped substituents play a key role in enhancing the NLO response of these push-pull chromophores and the studied derivatives can be utilized as efficient NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Abid
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sagir
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ataualpa A C Braga
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 São Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Suvash Chandra Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 China
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