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Lorca M, Muscia GC, Pérez-Benavente S, Bautista JM, Acosta A, González C, Sabadini G, Mella J, Asís SE, Mellado M. 2D/3D-QSAR Model Development Based on a Quinoline Pharmacophoric Core for the Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum: An In Silico Approach with Experimental Validation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:889. [PMID: 39065740 PMCID: PMC11279914 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium spp. parasites, with widespread drug resistance to most antimalarial drugs. We report the development of two 3D-QSAR models based on comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA), and a 2D-QSAR model, using a database of 349 compounds with activity against the P. falciparum 3D7 strain. The models were validated internally and externally, complying with all metrics (q2 > 0.5, r2test > 0.6, r2m > 0.5, etc.). The final models have shown the following statistical values: r2test CoMFA = 0.878, r2test CoMSIA = 0.876, and r2test 2D-QSAR = 0.845. The models were experimentally tested through the synthesis and biological evaluation of ten quinoline derivatives against P. falciparum 3D7. The CoMSIA and 2D-QSAR models outperformed CoMFA in terms of better predictive capacity (MAE = 0.7006, 0.4849, and 1.2803, respectively). The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of three selected quinoline derivatives were similar to chloroquine. Finally, the compounds showed low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 100 µM) on human HepG2 cells. These results suggest that the QSAR models accurately predict the toxicological profile, correlating well with experimental in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Lorca
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (M.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Gisela C. Muscia
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina;
| | - Susana Pérez-Benavente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-B.); (J.M.B.)
| | - José M. Bautista
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-B.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Alison Acosta
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile;
| | - Cesar González
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
| | - Gianfranco Sabadini
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (M.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Jaime Mella
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (M.L.); (G.S.)
- Centro de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion de Productos Bioactivos (CInBIO), Universidad de Valparaiso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Silvia E. Asís
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina;
| | - Marco Mellado
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
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Rana P, Parupalli R, Akhir A, Saxena D, Maitra R, Imran M, Malik P, Mahammad Ghouse S, Joshi SV, Srikanth D, Madhavi YV, Dasgupta A, Chopra S, Nanduri S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new naphthalimide-thiourea derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents active against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1381-1391. [PMID: 38665829 PMCID: PMC11042119 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance to S. aureus and M. tuberculosis, particularly MRSA, VRSA, and drug-resistant tuberculosis, poses a serious threat to human health. Towards discovering new antibacterial agents, we designed and synthesized a series of new naphthalimide-thiourea derivatives and evaluated them against a panel of bacterial strains consisting of E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and various mycobacterial pathogens. Compounds 4a, 4l, 4m, 4n, 4q, 9f, 9l, 13a, 13d, 13e, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, and 17e demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus with MIC 0.03-8 μg mL-1. In addition, these compounds have also exhibited potent inhibition against MDR strains of S. aureus, including VRSA with MICs 0.06-4 μg mL-1. Compounds 4h, 4j, 4l, 4m, 4q, 4r, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e, 9g, 9h, 9j, 13f and 17e also exhibited good antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC 2-64 μg mL-1. The cytotoxicity assay using Vero cells revealed that all the compounds were non-toxic and exhibited a favorable selectivity index (SI >40). Time kill kinetics data indicated that compounds exhibited concentration-dependent killing. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed to decipher the possible mechanism of action. Comprehensively, these results highlight the potential of naphthalimide-thiourea derivatives as promising antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Rana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad Telangana-500037 India
| | - Ramulu Parupalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad Telangana-500037 India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rahul Maitra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mohmmad Imran
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Pradip Malik
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Shaik Mahammad Ghouse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad Telangana-500037 India
| | - Swanand Vinayak Joshi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad Telangana-500037 India
| | - Danaboina Srikanth
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad Telangana-500037 India
| | - Y V Madhavi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad Telangana-500037 India
| | - Arunava Dasgupta
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
- AcSIR: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension Lucknow-226031 Uttar Pradesh India
- AcSIR: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad Telangana-500037 India
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Sharma B, Agarwal A, Awasthi SK. Is structural hybridization invoking new dimensions for antimalarial drug discovery research? RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1227-1253. [PMID: 37484560 PMCID: PMC10357931 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective prevention methods, malaria is a devastating, persistent infection caused by protozoal parasites that result in nearly half a million fatalities annually. Any progress made thus far in the eradication of the disease is jeopardized by the expansion of malaria parasites that have evolved to become resistant to a wide range of drugs, including first-line therapy. To surmount this significant obstacle, it is necessary to develop newly synthesized drugs with multiple modes of action that may have a novel target in various stages of Plasmodium parasite development and this is made possible by the hybridization concept. Hybridization is the combination of at least two diverse pharmacophore units with some linkers bringing about a single molecule with a diverse mode of action. It intensifies a drug's physiological and chemical characteristics, such as absorption, cellular target contact, metabolism, excretion, distribution, and toxicity. This review article outlines the currently published most potent hybrid drugs against the Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Sharma
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
| | - Alka Agarwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221005 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Satish Kumar Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
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Thakur R, Singh I, Paul K. Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed C‐H Alkenylation of 1,8‐Naphthalimide with Cyclic Imide as a Weakly Coordinating Directing Group. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thakur
- Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Chemistry INDIA
| | - Iqubal Singh
- Thapar University: Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Chemistry INDIA
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- Thapar University School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chemistry departmentThapar University, Patiala 147004 Patiala INDIA
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Franco Pinto J, Fillion A, Duchambon P, Bombard S, Granzhan A. Acridine-O 6-benzylguanine hybrids: Synthesis, DNA binding, MGMT inhibition and antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113909. [PMID: 34731767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
O6-Methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) is a key DNA repair enzyme involved in chemoresistance to DNA-alkylating anti-cancer drugs such as Temozolomide (TMZ) through direct repair of drug-induced O6-methylguanine residues in DNA. MGMT substrate analogues, such as O6-benzylguanine (BG), efficiently inactivate MGMT in vitro and in cells; however, these drugs failed to reach the clinic due to adverse side effects. Here, we designed hybrid drugs combining a BG residue covalently linked to a DNA-interacting moiety (6-chloro-2-methoxy-9-aminoacridine). Specifically, two series of hybrids, encompassing three compounds each, were obtained by varying the position of the attachment point of BG (N9 of guanine vs. the benzyl group) and the length and nature of the linker. UV/vis absorption and fluorescence data indicate that all six hybrids adopt an intramolecularly stacked conformation in aqueous solutions in a wide range of temperatures. All hybrids interact with double-stranded DNA, as clearly evidenced by spectrophotometric titrations, without intercalation of the acridine ring and do not induce thermal stabilization of the duplex. All hybrids, as well as the reference DNA intercalator (6-chloro-2-methoxy-9-aminoacridine 8), irreversibly inhibit MGMT in vitro with variable efficiency, comparable to that of BG. In a multidrug-resistant glioblastoma cell line T98G, benzyl-linked hybrids 7a-c and the N9-linked hybrid 19b are moderately cytotoxic (GI50 ≥ 15 μM after 96 h), while N9-linked hybrids 19a and 19c are strongly cytotoxic (GI50 = 1-2 μM), similarly to acridine 8 (GI50 = 0.6 μM). Among all compounds, hybrids 19a and 19c, similarly to BG, display synergic cytotoxic effect upon co-treatment with subtoxic doses of TMZ, with combination index (CI) values as low as 0.2-0.3. In agreement with in vitro results, compound 19a inactivates cellular MGMT but, unlike BG, does not induce significant levels of DNA damage, either alone or in combination with TMZ, as indicated by the results of γH2AX immunostaining experiments. Instead, and unlike BG, compound 19a alone induces significant apoptosis of T98G cells, which is not further increased in a combination with TMZ. These results indicate that molecular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity of 19a and its combination with TMZ are distinct from that of BG. The strongly synergic properties of this combination represent an interesting therapeutic opportunity in treating TMZ-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Franco Pinto
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Alexandra Fillion
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Patricia Duchambon
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Bombard
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Anton Granzhan
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Université Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Fonte M, Tassi N, Gomes P, Teixeira C. Acridine-Based Antimalarials-From the Very First Synthetic Antimalarial to Recent Developments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030600. [PMID: 33498868 PMCID: PMC7865557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is among the deadliest infectious diseases in the world caused by Plasmodium parasites. Due to the high complexity of the parasite’s life cycle, we partly depend on antimalarial drugs to fight this disease. However, the emergence of resistance, mainly by Plasmodium falciparum, has dethroned most of the antimalarials developed to date. Given recent reports of resistance to artemisinin combination therapies, first-line treatment currently recommended by the World Health Organization, in Western Cambodia and across the Greater Mekong sub-region, it seems very likely that artemisinin and its derivatives will follow the same path of other antimalarial drugs. Consequently, novel, safe and efficient antimalarial drugs are urgently needed. One fast and low-cost strategy to accelerate antimalarial development is by recycling classical pharmacophores. Quinacrine, an acridine-based compound and the first clinically tested synthetic antimalarial drug with potent blood schizonticide but serious side effects, has attracted attention due to its broad spectrum of biological activity. In this sense, the present review will focus on efforts made in the last 20 years for the development of more efficient, safer and affordable antimalarial compounds, through recycling the classical quinacrine drug.
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Shalini, Kumar S, Gendrot M, Fonta I, Mosnier J, Cele N, Awolade P, Singh P, Pradines B, Kumar V. Amide Tethered 4-Aminoquinoline-naphthalimide Hybrids: A New Class of Possible Dual Function Antiplasmodials. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2544-2552. [PMID: 33335678 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of amide tethered 4-aminoquinoline-naphthalimide hybrids has been synthesized to assess their in vitro antiplasmodial potential against chloroquine-susceptible (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The most active and noncytotoxic compound had an IC50 value of 0.07 μM against W2 strain and was more active than standard antimalarial drugs, including chloroquine, desethylamodiaquine, and quinine, particularly for drug resistant malaria. The promising scaffold, when subjected to heme binding and molecular modeling studies, was identified as a possible potent inhibitor of hemozoin formation and P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT), respectively, and, therefore, could act as a dual function antiplasmodial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
| | - Mathieu Gendrot
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Nosipho Cele
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Paul Awolade
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
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Farag AK, Hassan AH, Chung KS, Lee JH, Gil HS, Lee KT, Roh EJ. Diarylurea derivatives comprising 2,4-diarylpyrimidines: Discovery of novel potential anticancer agents via combined failed-ligands repurposing and molecular hybridization approaches. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhirov AM, Kovalev DA, Ulshina DV, Pisarenko SV, Demidov OP, Borovlev IV. Diazapyrenes: interaction with nucleic acids and biological activity. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020; 56:674-693. [PMID: 32836316 PMCID: PMC7366485 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes data on the practical aspects of the interaction of nucleic acids with diazapyrene derivatives. The information on biological activity is given and the probable mechanisms underlying the action of diazapyrenes are analyzed. It contains 119 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey M. Zhirov
- Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute, 13-15 Sovetskaya St, Stavropol, 355035 Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Kovalev
- Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute, 13-15 Sovetskaya St, Stavropol, 355035 Russia
| | - Diana V. Ulshina
- Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute, 13-15 Sovetskaya St, Stavropol, 355035 Russia
| | - Sergey V. Pisarenko
- Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute, 13-15 Sovetskaya St, Stavropol, 355035 Russia
| | - Oleg P. Demidov
- North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkina St, Stavropol, 355017 Russia
| | - Ivan V. Borovlev
- North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkina St, Stavropol, 355017 Russia
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Shukla J, Mukhopadhyay P. Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalene Diimides and their Redox Properties. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shukla
- School of Physical Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
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Marella A, Verma G, Shaquiquzzaman M, Khan MF, Akhtar W, Alam MM. Malaria Hybrids: A Chronological Evolution. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1144-1177. [PMID: 30887923 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190315100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, an upsetting malaise caused by a diverse class of Plasmodium species affects about 40% of the world's population. The distress associated with it has reached colossal scales owing to the development of resistance to most of the clinically available agents. Hence, the search for newer molecules for malaria treatment and cure is an incessant process. After the era of a single molecule for malaria treatment ended, there was an advent of combination therapy. However, lately there had been reports of the development of resistance to many of these agents as well. Subsequently, at present most of the peer groups working on malaria treatment aim to develop novel molecules, which may act on more than one biological processes of the parasite life cycle, and these scaffolds have been aptly termed as Hybrid Molecules or Double Drugs. These molecules may hold the key to hitherto unknown ways of showing a detrimental effect on the parasite. This review enlists a few of the recent advances made in malaria treatment by these hybrid molecules in a sequential manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garima Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
| | - Md Shaquiquzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
| | - Md Faraz Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
| | - Md Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
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