1
|
Nohl JF, Farr NT, Sun Y, Hughes GM, Cussen SA, Rodenburg C. Low-voltage SEM of air-sensitive powders: from sample preparation to micro/nano analysis with Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. Micron 2022; 156:103234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
2
|
Monitoring Carbon in Electron and Ion Beam Deposition within FIB-SEM. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113034. [PMID: 34199625 PMCID: PMC8199708 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that carbon present in scanning electron microscopes (SEM), Focused ion beam (FIB) systems and FIB-SEMs, causes imaging artefacts and influences the quality of TEM lamellae or structures fabricated in FIB-SEMs. The severity of such effects depends not only on the quantity of carbon present but also on its bonding state. Despite this, the presence of carbon and its bonding state is not regularly monitored in FIB-SEMs. Here we demonstrated that Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging (SEHI) can be implemented in different FIB-SEMs (ThermoFisher Helios G4-CXe PFIB and Helios Nanolab G3 UC) and used to observe carbon built up/removal and bonding changes resulting from electron/ion beam exposure. As well as the ability to monitor, this study also showed the capability of Plasma FIB Xe exposure to remove carbon contamination from the surface of a Ti6246 alloy without the requirement of chemical surface treatments.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abrams KJ, Dapor M, Stehling N, Azzolini M, Kyle SJ, Schäfer J, Quade A, Mika F, Kratky S, Pokorna Z, Konvalina I, Mehta D, Black K, Rodenburg C. Making Sense of Complex Carbon and Metal/Carbon Systems by Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900719. [PMID: 31592411 PMCID: PMC6774015 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon and carbon/metal systems with a multitude of functionalities are ubiquitous in new technologies but understanding on the nanoscale remains elusive due to their affinity for interaction with their environment and limitations in available characterization techniques. This paper introduces a spectroscopic technique and demonstrates its capacity to reveal chemical variations of carbon. The effectiveness of this approach is validated experimentally through spatially averaging spectroscopic techniques and using Monte Carlo modeling. Characteristic spectra shapes and peak positions for varying contributions of sp2-like or sp3-like bond types and amorphous hydrogenated carbon are reported under circumstances which might be observed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces as a result of air or electron beam exposure. The spectral features identified above are then used to identify the different forms of carbon present within the metallic films deposited from reactive organometallic inks. While spectra for metals is obtained in dedicated surface science instrumentation, the complex relations between carbon and metal species is only revealed by secondary electron (SE) spectroscopy and SE hyperspectral imaging obtained in a state-of-the-art scanning electron microscope (SEM). This work reveals the inhomogeneous incorporation of carbon on the nanoscale but also uncovers a link between local orientation of metallic components and carbon form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J. Abrams
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingThe University of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Maurizio Dapor
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*‐FBK)Trento38123Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA‐INFN)PovoTrento38123Italy
| | - Nicola Stehling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingThe University of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Martina Azzolini
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*‐FBK)Trento38123Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA‐INFN)PovoTrento38123Italy
| | - Stephan J. Kyle
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingThe University of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Jan Schäfer
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald e.V.)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Antje Quade
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald e.V.)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Filip Mika
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CASKrálovopolská 147612 64BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kratky
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CASKrálovopolská 147612 64BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Pokorna
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CASKrálovopolská 147612 64BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ivo Konvalina
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CASKrálovopolská 147612 64BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Danielle Mehta
- School of EngineeringUniversity of LiverpoolHarrison Hughes BuildingLiverpoolL69 3GHUK
| | - Kate Black
- School of EngineeringUniversity of LiverpoolHarrison Hughes BuildingLiverpoolL69 3GHUK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingThe University of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Szostak R, Silva JC, Turren-Cruz SH, Soares MM, Freitas RO, Hagfeldt A, Tolentino HCN, Nogueira AF. Nanoscale mapping of chemical composition in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite films. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw6619. [PMID: 31692661 PMCID: PMC6814396 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw6619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) solar cells can attain efficiencies over 20%. However, the impact of ion mobility and/or organic depletion, structural changes, and segregation under operating conditions urge for decisive and more accurate investigations. Hence, the development of analytical tools for accessing the grain-to-grain OIHP chemistry is of great relevance. Here, we used synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy (nano-FTIR) to map individual nanograins in OIHP films. Our results reveal a spatial heterogeneity of the vibrational activity associated to the nanoscale chemical diversity of isolated grains. It was possible to map the chemistry of individual grains in CsFAMA [Cs0.05FA0.79MA0.16Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3] and FAMA [FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3] films, with information on their local composition. Nanograins with stronger nano-FTIR activity in CsFAMA and FAMA films can be assigned to PbI2 and hexagonal polytype phases, respectively. The analysis herein can be extended to any OIHP films where organic cation depletion/accumulation can be used as a chemical label to study composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Szostak
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar, Chemistry Institute, Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - J. C. Silva
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar, Chemistry Institute, Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - S.-H. Turren-Cruz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. M. Soares
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - R. O. Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - A. Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H. C. N. Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Corresponding author. (A.F.N.); (H.C.N.T.)
| | - A. F. Nogueira
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar, Chemistry Institute, Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
- Corresponding author. (A.F.N.); (H.C.N.T.)
| |
Collapse
|