1
|
Guo Y, Wang M, Gao Y, Liu G. Recent advances in asymmetric synthesis of chiral amides and peptides: racemization-free coupling reagents. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4420-4435. [PMID: 38775347 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00563e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Over past decades, chiral amides and peptides have emerged as powerful and versatile compounds due to their various biological activities and interesting molecular architectures. Although some chiral condensation reagents have been applied successfully for their synthesis, the introduction of racemization-free methods of amino acid activation have shown lots of advantages in terms of their low cost and low toxicity. In this review, advancements in amide and peptide synthesis using racemization-free coupling reagents over the last 10 years are summarized. Various racemization-free coupling reagents have been applied in the synthesis of enantioselective amides and peptides, including ynamides, allenones, HSi[OCH(CF3)2]3, Ta(OMe)5, Nb(OEt)5, Ta(OEt)5, TCFH-NMI, water-removable ynamides, DBAA, DATB, o-NosylOXY, TCBOXY, Boc-Oxyma, NDTP, 9-silafluorenyl dichlorides, the Mukaiyama reagent, EDC and T3P. The racemization-free reagents described in this review provide an alternative greener option for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amides and peptides. We hope that this review will inspire further studies and developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot 010030, China.
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot 010030, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Xi'An Renalysis Medical Technology Co., Ltd, 2 Qinling Avenue West, Caotang Science and Technology Industrial Base, Xi'an 710311, China
| | - Guodu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot 010030, China.
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Science and Technology, 2 Shandan Street, Hohhot 010010, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva FCD, Santos BCS, Castro PPD, Amarante GW, Sousa OVD. Inhibitory Potential of Synthetic Amino Acid Derivatives against Digestive Enzymes as Promising Hypoglycemic and Anti-Obesity Agents. Biomolecules 2023; 13:953. [PMID: 37371533 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the increased incidence of metabolic disorders, such as type two diabetes and obesity, has motivated researchers to investigate new enzyme inhibitors. In this study, the inhibitory effects of synthetic amino acid derivatives (PPC80, PPC82, PPC84, PPC89, and PPC101) on the activity of digestive enzymes were assessed using in vitro assays. The inhibitory effect was determined by the inhibition percentage and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), and the mechanism of action was investigated using kinetic parameters and Lineweaver-Burk plots. PPC80, PPC82, and PPC84 inhibited pancreatic lipase (IC50 of 167-1023 µM) via competitive or mixed mechanisms. The activity of pancreatic α-amylase was suppressed by PPC80, PPC82, PPC84, PPC89, and PPC101 (IC50 of 162-519 µM), which acted as competitive or mixed inhibitors. Finally, PPC84, PPC89, and PPC101 also showed potent inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (IC50 of 51-353 µM) as competitive inhibitors. The results suggest that these synthetic amino acid derivatives have inhibitory potential against digestive enzymes and may be used as therapeutic agents to control metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Campos da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Celeida Silva Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Pôssa de Castro
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Wilson Amarante
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Orlando Vieira de Sousa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sturabotti E, Vetica F, Toscano G, Calcaterra A, Martinelli A, Migneco LM, Leonelli F. N-Acetyl-l-phenylalanine Racemization during TBTU Amidation: An In-Depth Study for the Synthesis of Anti-Inflammatory 2-( N-Acetyl)-l-phenylalanylamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (NAPA). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020581. [PMID: 36677671 PMCID: PMC9863357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A thorough study on the amidation conditions of N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine using TBTU and various bases is reported for the synthesis of 2-(N-acetyl)-l-phenylalanylamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (NAPA), a promising drug for the treatment of joints diseases. TBTU-mediated diastereoselective amidation reaction with 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine always gave racemization of N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine. The stereochemical retention under amidation conditions was studied in detail in the presence of difference bases and via other control experiments, evidencing the possibility to reduce racemization using pyridine as base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sturabotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (A.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabrizio Vetica
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (A.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Maria Migneco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (A.C.); (F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakashima E, Yamamoto H. Biomimetic Peptide Catalytic Bond‐Forming Utilizing a Mild Brønsted Acid. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103989. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nakashima
- College of Engineering Chubu University 1200 Matsumoto-cho Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Frontier Research Insititute Chubu University 1200 Matsumoto-cho Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu H, Li P, Wang Z, Li X, Dai Q, Hu C. Synthesis of protected α-amino acids via decarboxylation amination from malonate derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4439-4446. [PMID: 32469354 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00677g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A general and efficient strategy for the synthesis of protected α-amino acids is reported. The method uses malonate derivatives as the starting materials and Cs2CO3 as a base at 60 degrees, giving α-amino acid derivatives in moderate yields by releasing CO2. This methodology shows broad substrate scope (primary and secondary acids), excellent functional group tolerance and high efficiency to give the desired products under mild reaction conditions. It also allows the construction of β and γ-amino acids and other unnatural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Peihe Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qipu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Changwen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Carvalho GSG, Granato ÁS, De Castro PP, Amarante GW. Recent Contributions of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Organocatalysis Mechanism Elucidation. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337206666190328210907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most employed techniques
in structural elucidation of organic compounds. In addition to its use in structural characterization,
it has been widely employed in the investigation of reaction mechanisms, especially those involving
catalysis.
Objective:
In this review, we aim to provide recent examples of the interface of NMR and organocatalysis
reaction mechanism.
Methods:
Selected examples of different approaches for mechanism elucidation will be presented,
such as isotopic effect, catalyst labelling and online reaction monitoring. A discussion involving the
use of solid-state NMR will also be disclosed.
Conclusion:
NMR consists of a non-destructive technique, extremely useful in the real-time identification
of intermediates in crude reaction mixtures. With the advent of two-dimensional experiments
and high field NMR spectrometers, the reports of studies involving mechanistic elucidation were
greatly enhanced. In this context, nowadays NMR appears as a powerful tool for the comprehension
of reaction mechanisms, including the possibility of the proposal of unknown reaction mechanisms
within organocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Álisson Silva Granato
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Pôssa De Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036900, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Wilson Amarante
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Castro PP, Campos DL, Pavan FR, Amarante GW. Dual‐protected amino acid derivatives as new antitubercular agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1576-1580. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P. Castro
- Department of ChemistryFederal University of Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Débora L. Campos
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceSão Paulo State University Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando R. Pavan
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceSão Paulo State University Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Castro PP, Batista GMF, Dos Santos HF, Amarante GW. Theoretical Study on the Epimerization of Azlactone Rings: Keto-Enol Tautomerism or Base-Mediated Racemization? ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3507-3512. [PMID: 31458601 PMCID: PMC6641619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azlactones are versatile heterocycles employed in a diversity of transformations; the main drawback of these cycles consists in the epimerization of the α-carbonyl stereocenter during its preparation. We hereby present a theoretical study to explain how the racemization occurs. Two hypotheses were investigated: the keto-enol tautomerism and the base-mediated racemization, through an enolate intermediate. The results showed that the latter is consistent with the experimental data and can spontaneously occur at room temperature. The same pathway was evaluated for 2-alcoxy azlactone, showing a slower epimerization ratio, consistent with the literature data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P de Castro
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M F Batista
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Hélio F Dos Santos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Giovanni W Amarante
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|