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Lag Time in Diffusion-Controlled Release Formulations Containing a Drug-Free Outer Layer. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical considerations along with extensive Monte Carlo simulations are used to calculate the lag time before the initiation of diffusion-controlled drug release in multilayer planar devices with an outer layer containing no drug. The presented results are also relevant in formulations coated by a drug-free membrane as well as in other reservoir systems. The diffusion of drug molecules through the outer layer towards the release medium is considered, giving rise to the observed lag time. We have determined the dependence of lag time on the thickness and the diffusion coefficient of the drug-free outer layer, as well as on the initial drug concentration and the surface area of the planar device. A simple expression, obtained through an analytical solution of diffusion equation, provides an approximate estimate for the lag time that describes the numerical results reasonably well; according to this relation, the lag time is proportional to the squared thickness of the outer layer over the corresponding diffusion coefficient and inversely proportional to the logarithm of the linear number density of the drug that is initially loaded in the inner layer.
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Jiao B, Liu K, Gong H, Ding Z, Xu X, Ren J, Zhang G, Yu Q, Gan Z. Bladder cancer selective chemotherapy with potent NQO1 substrate co-loaded prodrug nanoparticles. J Control Release 2022; 347:632-648. [PMID: 35618186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Currently, clinical intravesical instillation chemotherapy has been greatly compromised by the toxicological and physiological factors. New formulations that can specifically and efficiently kill bladder cancer cells are in urgent need to overcome the low residence efficiency and dose limiting toxicity of current ones. The combination of mucoadhesive nanocarriers and cancer cell selective prodrugs can to great extent address these limitations. However, the insignificant endogenous stimulus difference between cancer cells and normal cells in most cases and the high local drug concentration make it essential to develop new drugs with broader selectivity-window. Herein, based on the statistically different NQO1 expression between cancerous and normal bladder tissues, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) activatable epirubicin prodrug and highly potent NQO1 substrate, KP372-1, was co-delivered using a GSH-responsive mucoadhesive nanocarrier. After endocytosis, epirubicin could be promptly activated by the NQO1-dependent ROS production caused by KP372-1, thus specifically inhibiting the proliferation of bladder cancer cells. Since KP372-1 is much more potent than some commonly used NQO1 substrates, for example, β-lapachone, the cascade drug activation could occur under much lower drug concentration, thus greatly lowering the toxicity in normal cells and broadening the selectivity-window during intravesical bladder cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Jiao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kunpeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenshan Ding
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ren
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guan Zhang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Urology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingsong Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhihua Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Rukmani SJ, Lin P, Andrew JS, Colina CM. Molecular Modeling of Complex Cross-Linked Networks of PEGDA Nanogels. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4129-4138. [PMID: 31038311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based nanogels are attractive for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, versatile end group chemistry, and ability to sterically shield encapsulated drug molecules. The characteristics of a hydrogel network govern the encapsulation and efficient delivery of drug molecules for a target application. A molecular-level description of network topology can complement experimental investigations to understand its effects on the structural properties of these nanogels. In this work, atomistic molecular simulations of heterogeneous, nonideal PEG-diacrylate (PEGDA) nanogels are presented. The effects of cross-linking density and topological features on the structural properties of PEGDA nanogels were studied. The average functionality was controlled to systematically study the effect of cross-linking density on the radius of gyration, shape, and mesh size of the nanogels. For a given average functionality, the impact of distinct network topologies on the structural properties was also studied. The aspect ratios, based on the gyration tensor, were calculated to characterize the shapes of these nanogels for different topologies. Nanogel structures with higher cross-linking densities showed a globular shape, while structures with lower cross-linking density showed shape anisotropy. The distribution and connectivity of the cross-linked junctions played a key role in determining the size and shape anisotropy of PEGDA nanogels; the number of unreacted chain ends and their connectivity directly affected the anisotropy. The mesh size, denoted by the limiting "free volume element" present in the nanogel samples, does not show a significant change with increasing average functionality. This work provides insight into the structural properties of heterogeneous hydrogels that aid the design of nonideal nanogel networks for a targeted drug delivery application.
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Bai X, Gao M, Syed S, Zhuang J, Xu X, Zhang XQ. Bioactive hydrogels for bone regeneration. Bioact Mater 2018; 3:401-417. [PMID: 30003179 PMCID: PMC6038268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone self-healing is limited and generally requires external intervention to augment bone repair and regeneration. While traditional methods for repairing bone defects such as autografts, allografts, and xenografts have been widely used, they all have corresponding disadvantages, thus limiting their clinical use. Despite the development of a variety of biomaterials, including metal implants, calcium phosphate cements (CPC), hydroxyapatite, etc., the desired therapeutic effect is not fully achieved. Currently, polymeric scaffolds, particularly hydrogels, are of interest and their unique configurations and tunable physicochemical properties have been extensively studied. This review will focus on the applications of various cutting-edge bioactive hydrogels systems in bone regeneration, as well as their advantages and limitations. We will examine the composition and defects of the bone, discuss the current biomaterials for bone regeneration, and classify recently developed polymeric materials for hydrogel synthesis. We will also elaborate on the properties of desirable hydrogels as well as the fabrication techniques and different delivery strategies. Finally, the existing challenges, considerations, and the future prospective of hydrogels in bone regeneration will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhu Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Sahla Syed
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Jerry Zhuang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
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Basso J, Miranda A, Nunes S, Cova T, Sousa J, Vitorino C, Pais A. Hydrogel-Based Drug Delivery Nanosystems for the Treatment of Brain Tumors. Gels 2018; 4:E62. [PMID: 30674838 PMCID: PMC6209281 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is commonly associated with limited effectiveness and unwanted side effects in normal cells and tissues, due to the lack of specificity of therapeutic agents to cancer cells when systemically administered. In brain tumors, the existence of both physiological barriers that protect tumor cells and complex resistance mechanisms to anticancer drugs are additional obstacles that hamper a successful course of chemotherapy, thus resulting in high treatment failure rates. Several potential surrogate therapies have been developed so far. In this context, hydrogel-based systems incorporating nanostructured drug delivery systems (DDS) and hydrogel nanoparticles, also denoted nanogels, have arisen as a more effective and safer strategy than conventional chemotherapeutic regimens. The former, as a local delivery approach, have the ability to confine the release of anticancer drugs near tumor cells over a long period of time, without compromising healthy cells and tissues. Yet, the latter may be systemically administered and provide both loading and targeting properties in their own framework, thus identifying and efficiently killing tumor cells. Overall, this review focuses on the application of hydrogel matrices containing nanostructured DDS and hydrogel nanoparticles as potential and promising strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of glioblastoma and other types of brain cancer. Some aspects pertaining to computational studies are finally addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Basso
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-354, Portugal.
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
| | - Ana Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-354, Portugal.
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Nunes
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Cova
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal.
| | - João Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-354, Portugal.
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Porto 4051-401, Portugal.
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-354, Portugal.
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Porto 4051-401, Portugal.
| | - Alberto Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal.
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Aftab S, Shah A, Nadhman A, Kurbanoglu S, Aysıl Ozkan S, Dionysiou DD, Shukla SS, Aminabhavi TM. Nanomedicine: An effective tool in cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2018; 540:132-149. [PMID: 29427746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various types of nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in delivering anticancer drugs to the site of action. This area has become more attractive in recent years due to optimal size and negligible undesirable side effects caused by the NPs. The focus of this review is to explore various types of NPs and their surface/chemical modifications as well as attachment of targeting ligands for tuning their properties in order to facilitate targeted delivery to the cancer sites in a rate-controlled manner. Heme compatibility, biodistribution, longer circulation time, hydrophilic lipophilic balance for high bioavailability, prevention of drug degradation and leakage are important in transporting drugs to the targeted cancer sites. The review discusses advantages of polymeric, magnetic, gold, and mesoporous silica NPs in delivering chemotherapeutic agents over the conventional dosage formulations along with their shortcomings/risks and possible solutions/alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Aftab
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Tandogan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Tandogan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Aysıl Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Tandogan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Shyam S Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA.
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