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Vennelakanti V, Kilic IB, Terrones GG, Duan C, Kulik HJ. Machine Learning Prediction of the Experimental Transition Temperature of Fe(II) Spin-Crossover Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:204-216. [PMID: 38148525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Spin-crossover (SCO) complexes are materials that exhibit changes in the spin state in response to external stimuli, with potential applications in molecular electronics. It is challenging to know a priori how to design ligands to achieve the delicate balance of entropic and enthalpic contributions needed to tailor a transition temperature close to room temperature. We leverage the SCO complexes from the previously curated SCO-95 data set [Vennelakanti et al. J. Chem. Phys. 159, 024120 (2023)] to train three machine learning (ML) models for transition temperature (T1/2) prediction using graph-based revised autocorrelations as features. We perform feature selection using random forest-ranked recursive feature addition (RF-RFA) to identify the features essential to model transferability. Of the ML models considered, the full feature set RF and recursive feature addition RF models perform best, achieving moderate correlation to experimental T1/2 values. We then compare ML T1/2 predictions to those from three previously identified best-performing density functional approximations (DFAs) which accurately predict SCO behavior across SCO-95, finding that the ML models predict T1/2 more accurately than the best-performing DFAs. In addition, we study ML model predictions for a set of 18 SCO complexes for which only estimated T1/2 values are available. Upon excluding outliers from this set, the RF-RFA RF model shows a strong correlation to estimated T1/2 values with a Pearson's r of 0.82. In contrast, DFA-predicted T1/2 values have large errors and show no correlation to estimated T1/2 values over the same set of complexes. Overall, our study demonstrates slightly superior performance of ML models in comparison with some of the best-performing DFAs, and we expect ML models to improve further as larger data sets of SCO complexes are curated and become available for model training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyshnavi Vennelakanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Irem B Kilic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gianmarco G Terrones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chenru Duan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Martínez Serra A, Dhingra A, Asensio MC, Real JA, Francisco Sánchez Royo J. Is the surface of Hofmann-like spin-crossover {Fe(pz)[Pt(CN) 4]} the same as its bulk? Dalton Trans 2023; 52:10305-10309. [PMID: 37469273 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Temperature dependent X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) has been employed to examine the spin-crossover (SCO) transition in the nanocrystals of 3D Hoffman-like {Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4]}. Consistent with the existing literature, the temperature-dependent variations in the Fe 2p core-level spectrum provide unambiguous evidence of the spin-state transition in this SCO complex. One of the many possible reasons behind a lack of discernible temperature-driven shifts in the binding energies of both the N 1s core-level components could be the immunity of its HS electronic configuration to thermal fluctuations. The high-spin fraction versus temperature plot, extrapolated from the XPS measurements, reveals that the surface of the nanocrystals of {Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4]} is in the high-spin state at room temperature, rendering it promising for room-temperature spintronics and quantum information science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez Serra
- Institut de Ciència dels Materials de la Universitat de València (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Archit Dhingra
- Institut de Ciència dels Materials de la Universitat de València (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Asensio
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid (ICMM/CSIC), Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- MATINÉE, the CSIC Associated Unit between the Materials Science Institute (ICMUV) and the ICMM, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Real
- Institut de Ciència Molecular (ICMol), University of Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Sánchez Royo
- Institut de Ciència dels Materials de la Universitat de València (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
- MATINÉE, the CSIC Associated Unit between the Materials Science Institute (ICMUV) and the ICMM, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Min H, Craze AR, Wallis MJ, Tokunaga R, Taira T, Hirai Y, Bhadbhade MM, Fanna DJ, Marjo CE, Hayami S, Lindoy LF, Li F. Spin Crossover Induced by Changing the Identity of the Secondary Metal Ion from Pd II to Ni II in a Face-Centered Fe II 8 M II 6 Cubic Cage. Chemistry 2022; 29:e202203742. [PMID: 36550089 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Discrete spin crossover (SCO) heteronuclear cages are a rare class of materials which have potential use in next-generation molecular transport and catalysis. Previous investigations of cubic cage [Fe8 Pd6 L8 ]28+ constructed using semi-rigid metalloligands, found that FeII centers of the cage did not undergo spin transition. In this work, substitution of the secondary metal center at the face of the cage resulted in SCO behavior, evidenced by magnetic susceptibility, Mössbauer spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural comparisons of these two cages shed light on the possible interplay of inter- and intramolecular interactions associated with SCO in the NiII analogue, 1 ([Fe8 Ni6 L8 (CH3 CN)12 ]28+ ). The distorted octahedral coordination environment, as well as the occupation of the CH3 CN in the NiII axial positions of 1, prevented close packing of cages observed in the PdII analogue. This led to offset, distant packing arrangements whereby important areas within the cage underwent dramatic structural changes with the exhibition of SCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsung Min
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Alexander R Craze
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3Ta, UK
| | - Matthew J Wallis
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ryuya Tokunaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Taira
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Mohan M Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fanna
- Advanced Materials Characterisation Facility, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Christopher E Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Leonard F Lindoy
- School of Chemistry F11, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Craze AR, Marjo CE, Li F. A complementary characterisation technique for spin crossover materials; the application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for future device applications. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:428-441. [PMID: 34846406 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spin crossover (SCO) materials have long been studied for their inherent electronic switchability, which has been well investigated for potential application in electronic and switching devices. As the technologies for the fabrication of thin films and monolayers continue to develop at an exceedingly rapid pace, an emerging challenge for the SCO community has become the characterisation of spin transitions in the surface layers of a material, as well as understanding the origins of discrepancies observed between SCO in thin films and that of the bulk material. For the manufacture of such devices to become a reality, it is crucial to understand how spin crossover is affected by interactions with the substrate material and within thin films. As such, detailed analysis of the surface layers without interference from the substrate material emerged as a critical area of characterisation for future developments in SCO devices. In this regard, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) has emerged as a complementary technique for the analysis of SCO in the surface layers of a material, becoming an essential part of a multi-technique protocol that is driving advances in the field. Here we describe the complementary application of XPS to a variety of SCO materials, review major developments and provide illustrative examples of innovations made through surface analysis with XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Craze
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher E Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Feng Li
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Li L, Craze AR, Mustonen O, Zenno H, Whittaker JJ, Hayami S, Lindoy LF, Marjo CE, Clegg JK, Aldrich-Wright JR, Li F. A mixed-spin spin-crossover thiozolylimine [Fe4L6]8+ cage. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9935-9938. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01947b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mixed-spin spin-crossover thiozolylimine [Fe4L6]8+ tetrahedral cage is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith
- Australia
| | | | - Outi Mustonen
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington
- Australia
| | - Hikaru Zenno
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Chuo-ku
- Japan
| | - Jacob J. Whittaker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Chuo-ku
- Japan
| | | | - Christopher E. Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington
- Australia
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane St Lucia
- Australia
| | | | - Feng Li
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith
- Australia
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Miller TF, Holloway LR, Nye PP, Lyon Y, Beran GJO, Harman WH, Julian RR, Hooley RJ. Small Structural Variations Have Large Effects on the Assembly Properties and Spin State of Room Temperature High Spin Fe(II) Iminopyridine Cages. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13386-13396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha F. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lauren R. Holloway
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Phoebe P. Nye
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yana Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - W. Hill Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Richard J. Hooley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Craze AR, Howard-Smith KJ, Bhadbhade MM, Mustonen O, Kepert CJ, Marjo CE, Li F. Investigation of the High-Temperature Spin-Transition of a Mononuclear Iron(II) Complex Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6503-6510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. Craze
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Kyle J. Howard-Smith
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Mohan M. Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Outi Mustonen
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cameron J. Kepert
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher E. Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
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8
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Capel Berdiell I, Kulmaczewski R, Cespedes O, Halcrow MA. An Incomplete Spin Transition Associated with a Z'=1→Z'=24 Crystallographic Symmetry Breaking. Chemistry 2018; 24:5055-5059. [PMID: 29111607 PMCID: PMC5972820 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline [FeL2 ][BF4 ]2 ⋅Me2 CO (L=N-[2,6-di{pyrazol-1-yl}pyrid-4-yl]acetamide) is high-spin at room temperature, and undergoes an abrupt, hysteretic spin-crossover at T1/2 =137 K (ΔT1/2 =14 K) that proceeds to about 50 % completeness. This is associated with a crystallographic phase transition, from phase 1 (P21 /c, Z=4) to phase 2 (P21 , Z=48). The cations associate into chains in the crystal through weak intermolecular π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. Phase 2 contains a mixture of high-spin and low-spin molecules, which are grouped into triads along these chains. The perchlorate salt [FeL2 ][ClO4 ]2 ⋅Me2 CO also adopts phase 1 at room temperature but undergoes a different phase transition near 135 K to phase 3 (P21 /c, Z=8) without a change in spin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izar Capel Berdiell
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - Rafal Kulmaczewski
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeedsE.C. Stoner BuildingLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - Malcolm A. Halcrow
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
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Li L, Craze AR, Akiyoshi R, Tsukiashi A, Hayami S, Mustonen O, Bhadbhade MM, Bhattacharyya S, Marjo CE, Wang Y, Lindoy LF, Aldrich-Wright JR, Li F. Direct monitoring of spin transitions in a dinuclear triple-stranded helicate iron(ii) complex through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2543-2548. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04190j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
VT-XPS shows that the spin behaviour is reversible between the HS and LS states in a new dinuclear helicate iron(ii) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith
- Australia
| | | | - Ryohei Akiyoshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Japan
| | - Asami Tsukiashi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Japan
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Japan
| | - Outi Mustonen
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington
- Australia
| | - Mohan M. Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington
- Australia
| | - Saroj Bhattacharyya
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington
- Australia
| | - Christopher E. Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington
- Australia
| | - Yun Wang
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy
- Gold Coast Campus
- Griffith University
- Australia
| | | | | | - Feng Li
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith
- Australia
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