1
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Marchiani D, Frisenda R, Mariani C, Sbroscia M, Caruso T, De Luca O, Papagno M, Pacilé D, Jeong S, Ito Y, Betti MG. Charge Effects and Electron Phonon Coupling in Potassium-Doped Graphene. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:39546-39553. [PMID: 39346880 PMCID: PMC11425604 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Herewith, we propose a comprehensive study of the vibrational response of chemical doping of free-standing graphene (Gr). Complementary insights on the increased metallicity have been demonstrated by the emerging plasmon excitation in the upper Dirac cone, observed by inelastic electron scattering and core-level photoemission. The electron migration in the π* upper Dirac band unveils an electron-phonon coupling of contaminant-free K-doped Gr, as evidenced by advanced micro-Raman spectroscopy in ultrahigh vacuum ambient. The vibrational response of potassium-doped Gr correlated with the charge injected in the upper Dirac cone, and the Fermi level shift unravel a notable electron-phonon coupling, which is stronger than that observed for gate voltage-doped Gr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Marchiani
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Frisenda
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Mariani
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbroscia
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Caruso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P.Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- Laboratorio di Spettroscopia Avanzata dei Materiali, STAR IR, Università della Calabria, Via Tito Flavio, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Oreste De Luca
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P.Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- Laboratorio di Spettroscopia Avanzata dei Materiali, STAR IR, Università della Calabria, Via Tito Flavio, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Marco Papagno
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P.Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- Laboratorio di Spettroscopia Avanzata dei Materiali, STAR IR, Università della Calabria, Via Tito Flavio, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Pacilé
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P.Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Samuel Jeong
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8573 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8573 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Maria Grazia Betti
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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2
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Yamamoto M, Goto S, Tang R, Yamazaki K. Toward three-dimensionally ordered nanoporous graphene materials: template synthesis, structure, and applications. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1953-1965. [PMID: 38332834 PMCID: PMC10848746 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05022j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise template synthesis will realize three-dimensionally ordered nanoporous graphenes (NPGs) with a spatially controlled seamless graphene structure and fewer edges. These structural features result in superelastic nature, high electrochemical stability, high electrical conductivity, and fast diffusion of gases and ions at the same time. Such innovative 3D graphene materials are conducive to solving energy-related issues for a better future. To further improve the attractive properties of NPGs, we review the template synthesis and its mechanism by chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbons, analysis of the nanoporous graphene structure, and applications in electrochemical and mechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama 2-12-1 Meguro Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Goto
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Rui Tang
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamazaki
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
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3
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Marchiani D, Tonelli A, Mariani C, Frisenda R, Avila J, Dudin P, Jeong S, Ito Y, Magnani FS, Biagi R, De Renzi V, Betti MG. Tuning the Electronic Response of Metallic Graphene by Potassium Doping. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:170-176. [PMID: 36562744 PMCID: PMC9838101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron doping of graphene has been extensively studied on graphene-supported surfaces, where the metallicity is influenced by the substrate. Herewith we propose potassium adsorption on free-standing nanoporous graphene, thus eluding any effect due to the substrate. We monitor the electron migration in the π* downward-shifted conduction band. In this rigid band shift, we correlate the spectral density of the π* state in the upper Dirac cone with the associated plasmon, blue-shifted with increasing K dose, as deduced by electron energy loss spectroscopy. These results are confirmed by the Dirac plasmon activated by the C 1s emitted electrons, thanks to spatially resolved photoemission. This crosscheck constitutes a reference on the correlation between the electronic π* states in the conduction band and the Dirac plasmon evolution upon in situ electron doping of fully free-standing graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Marchiani
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Tonelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Mariani
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Frisenda
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - José Avila
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, BP 48, 91192Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pavel Dudin
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, BP 48, 91192Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Samuel Jeong
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8573, Japan
| | - Francesco Saverio Magnani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Biagi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125Modena, Italy
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi 213/A, 41125Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina De Renzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125Modena, Italy
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi 213/A, 41125Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Betti
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
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4
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Betti MG, Blundo E, De Luca M, Felici M, Frisenda R, Ito Y, Jeong S, Marchiani D, Mariani C, Polimeni A, Sbroscia M, Trequattrini F, Trotta R. Homogeneous Spatial Distribution of Deuterium Chemisorbed on Free-Standing Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152613. [PMID: 35957041 PMCID: PMC9370689 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic deuterium (D) adsorption on free-standing nanoporous graphene obtained by ultra-high vacuum D2 molecular cracking reveals a homogeneous distribution all over the nanoporous graphene sample, as deduced by ultra-high vacuum Raman spectroscopy combined with core-level photoemission spectroscopy. Raman microscopy unveils the presence of bonding distortion, from the signal associated to the planar sp2 configuration of graphene toward the sp3 tetrahedral structure of graphane. The establishment of D–C sp3 hybrid bonds is also clearly determined by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and spatially correlated to the Auger spectroscopy signal. This work shows that the low-energy molecular cracking of D2 in an ultra-high vacuum is an efficient strategy for obtaining high-quality semiconducting graphane with homogeneous uptake of deuterium atoms, as confirmed by this combined optical and electronic spectro-microscopy study wholly carried out in ultra-high vacuum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Betti
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-06-49914389 (M.G.B.); +39-06-49914281 (R.F.); +39-06-49914393 (C.M.)
| | - Elena Blundo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Marta De Luca
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Marco Felici
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Riccardo Frisenda
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-06-49914389 (M.G.B.); +39-06-49914281 (R.F.); +39-06-49914393 (C.M.)
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan; (Y.I.); (S.J.)
| | - Samuel Jeong
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan; (Y.I.); (S.J.)
| | - Dario Marchiani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Carlo Mariani
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-06-49914389 (M.G.B.); +39-06-49914281 (R.F.); +39-06-49914393 (C.M.)
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Marco Sbroscia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Francesco Trequattrini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Rinaldo Trotta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (M.D.L.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (F.T.); (R.T.)
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5
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Betti MG, Placidi E, Izzo C, Blundo E, Polimeni A, Sbroscia M, Avila J, Dudin P, Hu K, Ito Y, Prezzi D, Bonacci M, Molinari E, Mariani C. Gap Opening in Double-Sided Highly Hydrogenated Free-Standing Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2971-2977. [PMID: 35294200 PMCID: PMC9011389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of free-standing graphene into pure graphane─where each C atom is sp3 bound to a hydrogen atom─has not been achieved so far, in spite of numerous experimental attempts. Here, we obtain an unprecedented level of hydrogenation (≈90% of sp3 bonds) by exposing fully free-standing nanoporous samples─constituted by a single to a few veils of smoothly rippled graphene─to atomic hydrogen in ultrahigh vacuum. Such a controlled hydrogenation of high-quality and high-specific-area samples converts the original conductive graphene into a wide gap semiconductor, with the valence band maximum (VBM) ∼ 3.5 eV below the Fermi level, as monitored by photoemission spectromicroscopy and confirmed by theoretical predictions. In fact, the calculated band structure unequivocally identifies the achievement of a stable, double-sided fully hydrogenated configuration, with gap opening and no trace of π states, in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Betti
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- . Phone: +39 06 49914389
| | - Ernesto Placidi
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Izzo
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Blundo
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbroscia
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - José Avila
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pavel Dudin
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Kailong Hu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Materials Genome
& Big Data, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Deborah Prezzi
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- .
Phone: +39 059 2055314
| | - Miki Bonacci
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Molinari
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Mariani
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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6
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Han J, Johnson I, Chen M. 3D Continuously Porous Graphene for Energy Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108750. [PMID: 34870863 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Constructing bulk graphene materials with well-reserved 2D properties is essential for device and engineering applications of atomically thick graphene. In this article, the recent progress in the fabrications and applications of sterically continuous porous graphene with designable microstructures, chemistries, and properties for energy storage and conversion are reviewed. Both template-based and template-free methods have been developed to synthesize the 3D continuously porous graphene, which typically has the microstructure reminiscent of pseudo-periodic minimal surfaces. The 3D graphene can well preserve the properties of 2D graphene of being highly conductive, surface abundant, and mechanically robust, together with unique 2D electronic behaviors. Additionally, the bicontinuous porosity and large curvature offer new functionalities, such as rapid mass transport, ample open space, mechanical flexibility, and tunable electric/thermal conductivity. Particularly, the 3D curvature provides a new degree of freedom for tailoring the catalysis and transport properties of graphene. The 3D graphene with those extraordinary properties has shown great promises for a wide range of applications, especially for energy conversion and storage. This article overviews the recent advances made in addressing the challenges of developing 3D continuously porous graphene, the benefits and opportunities of the new materials for energy-related applications, and the remaining challenges that warrant future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuhui Han
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Isaac Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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7
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Abdelnabi MMS, Blundo E, Betti MG, Cavoto G, Placidi E, Polimeni A, Ruocco A, Hu K, Ito Y, Mariani C. Towards free-standing graphane: atomic hydrogen and deuterium bonding to nano-porous graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:035707. [PMID: 33017812 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbe56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphane is formed by bonding hydrogen (and deuterium) atoms to carbon atoms in the graphene mesh, with modification from the pure planar sp2 bonding towards an sp3 configuration. Atomic hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) bonding with C atoms in fully free-standing nano porous graphene (NPG) is achieved, by exploiting low-energy proton (or deuteron) non-destructive irradiation, with unprecedented minimal introduction of defects, as determined by Raman spectroscopy and by the C 1s core level lineshape analysis. Evidence of the H- (or D-) NPG bond formation is obtained by bringing to light the emergence of a H- (or D-) related sp3-distorted component in the C 1s core level, clear fingerprint of H-C (or D-C) covalent bonding. The H (or D) bonding with the C atoms of free-standing graphene reaches more than 1/4 (or 1/3) at% coverage. This non-destructive H-NPG (or D-NPG) chemisorption is very stable at high temperatures up to about 800 K, as monitored by Raman and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, with complete healing and restoring of clean graphene above 920 K. The excellent chemical and temperature stability of H- (and D-) NPG opens the way not only towards the formation of semiconducting graphane on large-scale samples, but also to stable graphene functionalisation enabling futuristic applications in advanced detectors for the β-spectrum analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Blundo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Betti
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN Sezione di Roma 1, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cavoto
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN Sezione di Roma 1, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Placidi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ruocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze and INFN Sezione di Roma 3, Università di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Kailong Hu
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Carlo Mariani
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN Sezione di Roma 1, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
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8
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Deuterium Adsorption on Free-Standing Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010130. [PMID: 33429994 PMCID: PMC7827750 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A suitable way to modify the electronic properties of graphene—while maintaining the exceptional properties associated with its two-dimensional (2D) nature—is its functionalisation. In particular, the incorporation of hydrogen isotopes in graphene is expected to modify its electronic properties leading to an energy gap opening, thereby rendering graphene promising for a widespread of applications. Hence, deuterium (D) adsorption on free-standing graphene was obtained by high-energy electron ionisation of D2 and ion irradiation of a nanoporous graphene (NPG) sample. This method allows one to reach nearly 50 at.% D upload in graphene, higher than that obtained by other deposition methods so far, towards low-defect and free-standing D-graphane. That evidence was deduced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the C 1s core level, showing clear evidence of the D-C sp3 bond, and Raman spectroscopy, pointing to remarkably clean and low-defect production of graphane. Moreover, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy showed the opening of an energy gap in the valence band. Therefore, high-energy electron ionisation and ion irradiation is an outstanding method for obtaining low defect D-NPG with a high D upload, which is very promising for the fabrication of semiconducting graphane on large scale.
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9
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Sun Z, Fang S, Hu YH. 3D Graphene Materials: From Understanding to Design and Synthesis Control. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10336-10453. [PMID: 32852197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon materials, with their diverse allotropes, have played significant roles in our daily life and the development of material science. Following 0D C60 and 1D carbon nanotube, 2D graphene materials, with their distinctively fascinating properties, have been receiving tremendous attention since 2004. To fulfill the efficient utilization of 2D graphene sheets in applications such as energy storage and conversion, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, 3D structures constructed by graphene sheets have been attempted over the past decade, giving birth to a new generation of graphene materials called 3D graphene materials. This review starts with the definition, classifications, brief history, and basic synthesis chemistries of 3D graphene materials. Then a critical discussion on the design considerations of 3D graphene materials for diverse applications is provided. Subsequently, after emphasizing the importance of normalized property characterization for the 3D structures, approaches for 3D graphene material synthesis from three major types of carbon sources (GO, hydrocarbons and inorganic carbon compounds) based on GO chemistry, hydrocarbon chemistry, and new alkali-metal chemistry, respectively, are comprehensively reviewed with a focus on their synthesis mechanisms, controllable aspects, and scalability. At last, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of 3D graphene materials are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxing Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States
| | - Siyuan Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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10
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Understanding the Detection Mechanisms and Ability of Molecular Hydrogen on Three-Dimensional Bicontinuous Nanoporous Reduced Graphene Oxide. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102259. [PMID: 32422953 PMCID: PMC7288210 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Environmental safety has become increasingly important with respect to hydrogen use in society. Monitoring techniques for explosive gaseous hydrogen are essential to ensure safety in sustainable hydrogen utilization. Here, we reveal molecular hydrogen detection mechanisms with monolithic three-dimensional nanoporous reduced graphene oxide under gaseous hydrogen flow and at room temperature. Nanoporous reduced graphene oxide significantly increased molecular hydrogen physisorption without the need to employ catalytic metals or heating. This can be explained by the significantly increased surface area in comparison to two-dimensional graphene sheets and conventional reduced graphene oxide flakes. Using this large surface area, molecular hydrogen adsorption behaviors were accurately observed. In particular, we found that the electrical resistance firstly decreased and then gradually increased with higher gaseous hydrogen concentrations. The resistance decrease was due to charge transfer from the molecular hydrogen to the reduced graphene oxide at adsorbed molecular hydrogen concentrations lower than 2.8 ppm; conversely, the resistance increase was a result of Coulomb scattering effects at adsorbed molecular hydrogen concentrations exceeding 5.0 ppm, as supported by density functional theory. These findings not only provide the detailed adsorption mechanisms of molecular hydrogen, but also advance the development of catalyst-free non-heated physisorption-type molecular detection devices.
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Garcia AE, Wang CS, Sanderson RN, McDevitt KM, Zhang Y, Valdevit L, Mumm DR, Mohraz A, Ragan R. Scalable synthesis of gyroid-inspired freestanding three-dimensional graphene architectures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3870-3882. [PMID: 36132116 PMCID: PMC9418730 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional porous architectures of graphene are desirable for energy storage, catalysis, and sensing applications. Yet it has proven challenging to devise scalable methods capable of producing co-continuous architectures and well-defined, uniform pore and ligament sizes at length scales relevant to applications. This is further complicated by processing temperatures necessary for high quality graphene. Here, bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels (bijels) are formed and processed into sacrificial porous Ni scaffolds for chemical vapor deposition to produce freestanding three-dimensional turbostratic graphene (bi-3DG) monoliths with high specific surface area. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the bi-3DG monoliths inherit the unique microstructural characteristics of their bijel parents. Processing of the Ni templates strongly influences the resultant bi-3DG structures, enabling the formation of stacked graphene flakes or fewer-layer continuous films. Despite the multilayer nature, Raman spectra exhibit no discernable defect peak and large relative intensity for the Raman 2D mode, which is a characteristic of turbostratic graphene. Moiré patterns, observed in scanning tunneling microscopy images, further confirm the presence of turbostratic graphene. Nanoindentation of macroscopic pillars reveals a Young's modulus of 30 MPa, one of the highest recorded for sp2 carbon in a porous structure. Overall, this work highlights the utility of a scalable self-assembly method towards porous high quality graphene constructs with tunable, uniform, and co-continuous microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2585 USA
| | - Chen Santillan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2585 USA
| | - Robert N Sanderson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine CA 92697-4575 USA
| | - Kyle M McDevitt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2585 USA
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2700 USA
| | - Lorenzo Valdevit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2585 USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2700 USA
| | - Daniel R Mumm
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2585 USA
| | - Ali Mohraz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2580 USA
| | - Regina Ragan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine CA 92697-2585 USA
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Tang C, Wang HF, Huang JQ, Qian W, Wei F, Qiao SZ, Zhang Q. 3D Hierarchical Porous Graphene-Based Energy Materials: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Application in Energy Storage and Conversion. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-019-00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iacobucci M, Bernardo ID, Christian M, Morandi V, Ripanti F, Postorino P, Mariani C, Betti MG. Three-dimensional microporous graphene decorated with lithium. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:405707. [PMID: 30015624 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aad3f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based architectures can combine the two-dimensional properties of graphene with the high surface-to-volume ratio required for a large variety of technological applications. We present a spectro-microscopy study of stable microporous 3D few-layer graphene structures with a very low density of defects/edges and of unsaturated bonds, as deduced by Raman and core level photoemission spectroscopy. These qualities make these interconnected graphene networks ideal candidates to accommodate lithium adatoms, with a high density of Li per unit volume and a Li uptake per C atom higher than the value observed for graphite, as confirmed by core level photoemission spectroscopy.
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Liang R, Dai J, Xu L, Zhang Y, He J, Wang S, Chen J, Peng Y, Ye L, Kuo HC, Chen C. Interface Anchored Effect on Improving Working Stability of Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode Using Graphene Oxide-Based Fluoropolymer Encapsulant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8238-8244. [PMID: 29388430 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The graphene oxide (GO)-based fluoropolymer is first proposed as an interface encapsulant to improve the light extraction efficiency and achieve the ultralong working stability of deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs), benefitting from its superior interface performance based on an anchored effect. For the GO-based fluoropolymer composite, the anchored structure is designed to effectively and tightly rivet the quartz lens on the DUV-LED chip by using the interface reaction between GO embedded in fluoropolymer and 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane grafted on the surfaces. Experimental results show that on the basis of the interface anchored effect, the air voids in the interface layer of DUV-LED are reduced by 84%, leading to an improvement of the light output power by 15% and a decrease of the junction temperature by 5%, by virtue of the sealing characteristics of the 0.10 wt % GO-based fluoropolymer. In addition, the steady working time is dramatically improved by 660% and it was attributed to the good interface anchored bonding of the 0.10 wt % GO-based fluoropolymer. This novel graphene oxide-based fluoropolymer is believed to provide a feasible and effective interface encapsulant to improve the performance of DUV-LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hao-Chung Kuo
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
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Ito Y, Tanabe Y, Sugawara K, Koshino M, Takahashi T, Tanigaki K, Aoki H, Chen M. Three-dimensional porous graphene networks expand graphene-based electronic device applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6024-6033. [PMID: 29300402 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07667c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing demand for 3D porous graphene structures with excellent 2D characteristics and great potential. As one avenue, several approaches for fabricating 3D porous graphene network structures have been proposed to realize multi-functional graphene materials with 2D graphene structures. Herein, we overview characteristics of 3D porous graphene for applications in future electronic devices along with physical insights into "2D to 3D graphene", in which the characters of 2D graphene such as massless Dirac fermions are well preserved. The present review thus summarizes recent 3D porous graphene studies with a perspective for providing new and board applications of graphene in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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