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Kumar V, Dash S. Evaporation-Based Low-Cost Method for the Detection of Adulterant in Milk. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27200-27207. [PMID: 34693139 PMCID: PMC8529649 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adulteration of milk poses a severe health hazard, and it is crucial to develop adulterant-detection techniques that are scalable and easy to use. Water and urea are two of the most common adulterants in commercial milk. Detection of these adulterants is both challenging and costly in urban and rural areas. Here we report on an evaporation-based low-cost technique for the detection of added water and urea in milk. The evaporative deposition is shown to be affected by the presence of adulterants in milk. We observe a specific pattern formation of nonvolatile milk solids deposited at the end of the evaporation of a droplet of unadulterated milk. These patterns alter with the addition of water and urea. The evaporative deposits are dependent on the concentrations of water and urea added. The sensitivity of detection of urea in milk improves with the dilution of milk with water. We show that our method can be used to detect a urea concentration as low as 0.4% in milk. Based on the detection level of urea, we present a regime map that shows the concentration of urea that can be detected at different extents of dilution of milk.
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Lin ES, Song Z, Ong JW, Abid HA, Chung Kim Chung D, Huynh SH, Liew OW, Ng TW. Liquid marble clearance and restoration via gas bubble insertion and bursting. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2512-2517. [PMID: 33506846 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02117b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is hitherto a lack of a simple way to disrupt the coating of particles from liquid marbles in order to introduce additional reagents. Here, a 40 μL liquid marble, created on a superhydrophobic substrate with a 2 mm hole, forms an overhead and overhanging liquid component from which a single gas bubble of up to 28 μL volume could be introduced via the latter. This caused a localized clearing of the particle shell at the apical region of the overhead component because the particles could not be energetically sustained at the thin film region of the bubble. The subsequent dispensation of 5 μL of an external liquid directly onto the shell-free apex of the liquid marble allowed the coalescence of the two liquid bodies, bubble rupture, and restoration of complete particle shell encapsulation. The addition of the liquid via the overhanging component was alternatively found incapable of increasing the size of the overhead drop component. The localized bubble-actuated transient shell clearance at the apex of the liquid marble to allow the addition of reagents shown here portends new vistas for liquid marbles to be used in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Shen Lin
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University Clayton, VIC3800, Australia.
| | - Zhixiong Song
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University Clayton, VIC3800, Australia.
| | - Jian Wern Ong
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University Clayton, VIC3800, Australia.
| | - Hassan Ali Abid
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University Clayton, VIC3800, Australia.
| | - Dwayne Chung Kim Chung
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University Clayton, VIC3800, Australia.
| | - So Hung Huynh
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University Clayton, VIC3800, Australia. and Radiometer Pacific Pty Ltd, 1/96 Ricketts Road, Mount Waverley, VIC3149, Australia
| | - Oi Wah Liew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Ng
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University Clayton, VIC3800, Australia.
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Chung DCK, Lin ES, Peng L, Jiang X, Ong JW, Abid HA, Song Z, Liew OW, Ng TW. Efficient drop reactor processing of methylene blue degradation with silver nanowire catalysts. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hintermüller MA, Offenzeller C, Knoll M, Tröls A, Jakoby B. Parallel Droplet Deposition via a Superhydrophobic Plate with Integrated Heater and Temperature Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E354. [PMID: 32231168 PMCID: PMC7231214 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple setup, which is suitable for parallel deposition of homogenous liquids with a precise volume (dosage), is presented. First, liquid is dispensed as an array of droplets onto a superhydrophobic dosage plate, featuring a 3 × 3 array of holes. The droplets rest on these holes and evaporate with time until they are small enough to pass through them to be used on the final target, where a precise amount of liquid is required. The system can be fabricated easily and operates in a highly parallel manner. The design of the superhydrophobic dosage plate can be adjusted, in terms of the hole positions and sizes, in order to meet different specifications. This makes the proposed system extremely flexible. The initial dispensed droplet mass is not significant, as the dosing takes place during the evaporation process, where the dosage is determined by the hole diameter. In order to speed up the evaporation process, microheaters are screen printed on the back side of the dosage plate. To characterize the temperature distribution caused by the microheaters, temperature sensors are screen printed on the top side of the dosage plate as well. Experimental data regarding the temperature sensors, the microheaters, and the performance of the setup are presented, and the improvement due to the heating of the dosage plate is assessed. A significant reduction of the total evaporation time due to the microheaters was observed. The improvement caused by the temperature increase was found to follow a power law. At a substrate temperature of 80 °C, the total evaporation time was reduced by about 79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A. Hintermüller
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsensors, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria; (C.O.); (M.K.); (A.T.); (B.J.)
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Antibody drop based handling with near-superhydrophobic mesh substrates overcomes condensation sticking. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 96:599-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chung DK, Huynh SH, Ahmad Zahidi AA, Liew OW, Ng TW. Simultaneous Multidrop Creation with Superhydrophobic Wells for Field Environmental Sensing of Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9310-9317. [PMID: 31459064 PMCID: PMC6644516 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Facile creation of multiple drops at appropriate volumes on surfaces without the use of sophisticated instrumentation facilitates downstream evaporative preconcentration of liquid samples for analytical purposes. In this work, a superhydrophobic (SH) substrate comprising wells with a perforated mesh base was developed for simultaneous drop creation in a quick and convenient manner. In contrast to the method of pouring liquid directly over the SH wells, consistent liquid filling was readily achieved by a simple immersion approach. This method works well even for challenging situations where well diameters are smaller than 3.4 mm. Despite the poor liquid-retention properties of SH surfaces, inverting the wells did not result in liquid detachment under gravitational force, indicating strong pinning effects afforded by the well architecture. The perforated base of the well allowed the liquid to be completely removed from the well by compressed air. High-speed camera image processing was used to study the evolution of drop contact angle and displacement with time. It was found that the liquid body was able to undergo strong oscillations. Optical spectroscopy was used to confirm the ability of evaporative preconcentration of silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne
Chung Kim Chung
- Laboratory
for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace
Engineering, Monash University, Building 31, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - So Hung Huynh
- Laboratory
for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace
Engineering, Monash University, Building 31, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alifa Afiah Ahmad Zahidi
- Laboratory
for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace
Engineering, Monash University, Building 31, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Oi Wah Liew
- Cardiovascular
Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Centre for Translational
Medicine, National University of Singapore,
National University Health System, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Ng
- Laboratory
for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace
Engineering, Monash University, Building 31, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Huynh SH, Chung DCK, Muradoglu M, Liew OW, Ng TW. Millimeter-Sized Hole Damming. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13892-13898. [PMID: 29116806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Valves used to control liquid filling and draining processes from storage typically need to be actuated. Here, we show that similar flow enabling and restricting operations can be achieved through millimeter scale holes that function according to the amount of hydrostatic pressure applied without any other intervention. This phenomena is exhibited using receptacles where the base is made of either a hydrophilic or superhydrophobic substrate with hole sizes ranging from 1.0-2.0 mm. The construction is such that the drainage flow velocities are of the same order in both substrates and follow Torricelli's law trends. Nevertheless, the primary mechanisms responsible for resisting the onset of flow in each substrate are different; nonbreaching of the advancing contact angle threshold in the former, and stable maintenance of an elastic-like deformation of the liquid-gas interface that is connected to the surrounding plastron in the latter. These differences are demonstrated using an upward jet of water delivered to the orifice, where a discharging flow from the hydrophilic base occurred before the threshold hydrostatic pressure condition was attained, while liquid from the jet is subsumed into the liquid body of the receptacle with the superhydrophobic base without any leakage. These findings portend advantages in simplicity and robustness for a myriad of liquid-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hung Huynh
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dwayne Chung Kim Chung
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Murat Muradoglu
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Oi Wah Liew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine , 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Tuck Wah Ng
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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