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Waldman L, Haunert DP, Carson JD, Weiskopf N, Waldman JV, LeBlanc G. Maintaining Electrochemical Performance of Flexible ITO-PET Electrodes under High Strain. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29732-29738. [PMID: 39005794 PMCID: PMC11238234 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electrode materials, particularly indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET), have attracted the attention of researchers for a wide variety of applications. However, there has been limited attention to the effects of electrode flexibility during electrochemical processes. In this research article, we studied how bending commercially available ITO-PET electrodes impacts the electrodeposition process of polyaniline (PANI). Thicker ITO layers start cracking at a normalized strain of 0.10 (bending radius of 10 mm), and cracking becomes detrimental to full deposition at a normalized strain of 0.16 or higher (bending radius of 6 mm or lower). Thinner ITO layers were evaluated as electrodes in electrochemical applications; however, the higher resistance of these electrodes prevented uniform electrodeposition of PANI. In order to overcome the issues of cracking, conductive thin films and copper tape were explored as low-cost methods for electrically bridging cracks in the electrode. While conductive thin films reduced the resistance effect, copper tape was found to fully restore the original electrochemical activity as measured by chronoamperometry and enable uniform electrodeposition at a bending radius as low as 3 mm. This strategy was then demonstrated by performing electrochromic bleaching of PANI under high-strain conditions. These studies illustrate some of the limitations of ITO-PET electrodes and strategies for overcoming these limitations for future applications that require a high degree of flexibility in a transparent electrode substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
J. Waldman
- Mechanical
Engineering, University of Tulsa, 800 S Tucker Dr., Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104-9700, United States
| | - Daniel P. Haunert
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Jack D. Carson
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Nate Weiskopf
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Julia V. Waldman
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Gabriel LeBlanc
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
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2
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Šikula M, Vaněčková E, Hromadová M, Kolivoška V. Spectroelectrochemical sensing of reaction intermediates and products in an affordable fully 3D printed device. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341379. [PMID: 37257964 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in fused deposition modelling 3D printing (FDM 3DP) and synthesis of printable electrically conductive materials enabled the manufacture of customized electrodes and electrochemical devices by this technique. The past couple of years have seen a boom in applying approaches of FDM 3DP in the realm of spectroelectrochemistry (SEC). Despite significant progress, reported designs of SEC devices still rely on conventionally manufactured optical components such as quartz windows and cuvettes. To bridge this technological gap, in this work we apply bi-material FDM 3DP combining electrically conductive and optically translucent filaments to manufacture working electrodes and cells, constituting a fully integrated microfluidic platform for transmission absorption UV-Vis SEC measurements. The cell design enables de-aeration of samples and their convenient handling and analysis. Employing cyclic voltammetric measurements with ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate, ethylviologen dibromide and ferrocenemethanol redox-active probes as model analytes, we demonstrate that the presented platform allows SEC sensing of reactants, intermediates and products of charge transfer reactions, including the inspection of their long-term stability. Approaches developed and presented in this work pave the way for manufacturing customized SEC devices with dramatically reduced costs compared to currently available commercial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šikula
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Rodrigues ACM, Barbieri MV, Chino M, Manco G, Febbraio F. A 3D printable adapter for solid-state fluorescence measurements: the case of an immobilized enzymatic bioreceptor for organophosphate pesticides detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1999-2008. [PMID: 35064794 PMCID: PMC8791905 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides in the last decades and their accumulation into the environment gave rise to major environmental and human health concerns. To address this topic, the scientific community pointed out the need to develop methodologies to detect and measure the presence of pesticides in different matrices. Biosensors have been recently explored as fast, easy, and sensitive methods for direct organophosphate pesticides monitoring. Thus, the present work aimed at designing and testing a 3D printed adapter useful on different equipment, and a membrane support to immobilize the esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (EST2) bioreceptor. The latter is labelled with the IAEDANS, a bright fluorescent probe. EST2 was selected since it shows a high specificity toward paraoxon. Our results showed good stability and replicability, with an increasing linear fluorescent intensity recorded from 15 to 150 pmol of labelled EST2. Linearity of data was also observed when using the immobilized labelled EST2 to detect increasing amounts of paraoxon, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.09 pmol. This LOD value reveals the high sensitivity of our membrane support when mounted on the 3D adapter, comparable to modern methods using robotic workstations. Notably, the use of an independent support significantly simplified the manipulation of the membrane during experimental procedures and enabled it to match the specificities of different systems. In sum, this work emphasizes the advantages of using 3D printed accessories adapted to respond to the newest research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C M Rodrigues
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barbieri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.
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4
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da Silva Junior JH, de Melo JV, Castro PS. Lab-made 3D-printed accessories for spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry: a proof of concept to investigate dynamic interfacial and surface phenomena. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:394. [PMID: 34705063 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
3D printing is presented as an auspicious additive manufacturing technique for diverse interesting applications coupling electrochemistry and spectroscopy techniques, proposing as utilities: a general-purpose module for specular spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemical (SEC) cells for in situ UV-VIS and Raman measures capable of acting in flux or a stationary regime. As a proof of concept, UV-VIS absorption and middle-infrared spectra of an azo dye thin film were collected with the specular module showing characteristic bands according to the literature data. SEC investigations related to the Prussian Blue (PB) film growth on the platinum electrode surface were also investigated. By applying appropriate potentials, the PB film growth was accompanied by a proportional increase in the absorption signal at 700 nm in the UV-VIS region. This signal was related to the intervalence charge transfer from the Fe(II)-C to Fe(III)-N. Moreover, the Raman SEC experiment presented scattering intensity at 2092 and 2156 cm-1, related to the (CN) mode associated with the Fe(II) and Fe(III) cations, which was observed during the thin film growth. In addition, the conversion to the Berlin Green (BG) and Prussian White (PB) forms was monitored while applying the suitable potential and in situ spectroscopic observations of structural changes during the redox processes were also detected as described in the literature. Thus, it is possible to state that the accessories successfully validated in situ spectroelectrochemical dynamic investigations unlocking many other applications in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jailson Vieira de Melo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, Lagoa Nova - CEP 59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Souza Castro
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, Lagoa Nova - CEP 59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Alimi OA, Meijboom R. Current and future trends of additive manufacturing for chemistry applications: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:16824-16850. [PMID: 34413542 PMCID: PMC8363067 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, refers to a method used to generate a physical object by joining materials in a layer-by-layer process from a three-dimensional virtual model. 3-D printing technology has been traditionally employed in rapid prototyping, engineering, and industrial design. More recently, new applications continue to emerge; this is because of its exceptional advantage and flexibility over the traditional manufacturing process. Unlike other conventional manufacturing methods, which are fundamentally subtractive, 3-D printing is additive and, therefore, produces less waste. This review comprehensively summarises the application of additive manufacturing technologies in chemistry, chemical synthesis, and catalysis with particular attention to the production of general laboratory hardware, analytical facilities, reaction devices, and catalytically active substances. It also focuses on new and upcoming applications such as digital chemical synthesis, automation, and robotics in a synthetic environment. While discussing the contribution of this research area in the last decade, the current, future, and economic opportunities of additive manufacturing in chemical research and material development were fully covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyekunle Azeez Alimi
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
| | - Reinout Meijboom
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
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6
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Sajed S, Kolahdouz M, Sadeghi MA, Razavi SF. High-Performance Estimation of Lead Ion Concentration Using Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Analysis and a Machine Learning Approach. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27675-27684. [PMID: 33134731 PMCID: PMC7594326 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for detection of lead ions in water samples are costly and time-consuming. In this work, an accurate smartphone-based colorimetric sensor was developed utilizing a novel machine learning algorithm. In the presence of Pb2+ ions in the solution of specifically functionalized gold nanoparticles, the color of solution turns from red to purple. Indeed, the color variation of the solution is proportional to Pb2+ concentration. The smartphone camera captures the corresponding color change, and the image is processed by an efficient artificial intelligence protocol. The nonlinear regression approach was used for concentration estimation, in which the parameters of the proposed model are obtained using a new feature extraction algorithm. In prediction of Pb2+ concentration, the average absolute error and root-mean-square error were 0.094 and 0.124, respectively. The influence of pH of the medium, temperature, oligonucleotide concentration, and reaction time on the performance of the proposed sensor was carefully investigated and understood to achieve the best sensor response. This novel sensor exhibited good linearity for the detection of Pb2+ in the concentration range of 0.5-2000 ppb with a detection limit of 0.5 ppb.
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7
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Rogers D, Hopkins MD, Rajagopal N, Varshney D, Howard HA, LeBlanc G, Lamar AA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Certified Food Dyes as Organocatalysts in the Visible Light-Promoted Chlorination of Aromatics and Heteroaromatics. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7693-7704. [PMID: 32280913 PMCID: PMC7144131 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seven FDA-certified food dyes have been investigated as organocatalysts. As a result, Fast Green FCF and Brilliant Blue FCF have been discovered as catalysts for the chlorination of a wide range of arenes and heteroarenes in moderate to excellent yields and high regioselectivity. Mechanistic investigations of the separate systems indicate that different modes of activation are in operation, with Fast Green FCF being a light-promoted photoredox catalyst that is facilitating a one-electron oxidation of N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) and Brilliant Blue FCF serving as a chlorine-transfer catalyst in its sulfonphthalein form with 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH) as stoichiometric chlorine source. Dearomatization of naphthol and indole substrates was observed in some examples using the Brilliant Blue/DCDMH system.
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Vaněčková E, Bouša M, Vivaldi F, Gál M, Rathouský J, Kolivoška V, Sebechlebská T. UV/VIS spectroelectrochemistry with 3D printed electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Liang Y, Liu Q, Liu S, Li X, Li Y, Zhang M. One-step 3D printed flow cells using single transparent material for flow injection spectrophotometry. Talanta 2019; 201:460-464. [PMID: 31122451 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A very simple approach to fabricate flow-through cells for flow injection spectrophotometry is proposed. Flow cells are completely fused deposition modelling 3D printed by using coloured-transparent polylactic acid filament. Channels with 1.0 mm i.d. circular cross section and optical windows of 0.3-1.0 mm thickness are fabricated. Thin layers of the transparent material allow light transmitting with low attenuation, but coloured cell body can prevent stray light transmitting through. Transparent 3D printing filaments of different colours are compared and Grey-transparent (Grey-T) provides highest sensitivity for the determination of nitrite via Griess reaction. Flow cells of 10-50 mm pathlength have been fabricated by using the Grey-T filament. Effective pathlengths are estimated to be 83.9-96.2% of the physical pathlengths. The printing fabricated cells are used for flow injection analysis of nitrite, and linear correlation (R2 = 0.9991-0.9999) and limits of detection of 0.27, 0.087 and 0.045 μM for 10, 30 and 50 mm cells, are obtained. The 3D printed flow cells have acceptable chemical compatibility and signal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
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10
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Wirth DM, Sheaff MJ, Waldman JV, Symcox MP, Whitehead HD, Sharp JD, Doerfler JR, Lamar AA, LeBlanc G. Electrolysis Activation of Fused-Filament-Fabrication 3D-Printed Electrodes for Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5553-5557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Wirth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Marjorie J. Sheaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Julia V. Waldman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Miranda P. Symcox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Heather D. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - James D. Sharp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Jacob R. Doerfler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Angus A. Lamar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Gabriel LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
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Michalec M, Koncki R, Tymecki Ł. Optoelectronic detectors for flow analysis systems manufactured by means of rapid prototyping technology. Talanta 2019; 198:169-178. [PMID: 30876546 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Universal, customizable design of 3D printed photometric, and fluorometric flow-through detectors have been presented. The developed designs were fabricated with the use of the most affordable 3D printing technique, namely Fused Filament Fabrication, and require neither hardware nor tools to assemble. Numerous variants of detector geometries have also been presented. The designed parameters varied both in aperture (i.e., the internal diameter of the flow channel in an optical path) and in thickness of an absorbing layer. As expected, the geometry of the channels resulted in changes in the internal volumes. Two concepts of fluorometric detectors have also been described. The utility of all developed flow-through detectors was proven with the use of mechanized calibrations of both photometric and fluorometric experiments. Analytical parameters were characterized with the use of two model dyes: bromothymol blue and fluorescein for photometric and fluorometric experiments, respectively. The repeatability of the 3D printed vessels was found at 3.5-8.0% of the mean relative standard deviation (RSD), depending on the construction of the vessel, which is comparable to rather expensive commercially available flow cells. The compatibility of used 3D printing materials was also examined. For both variants of detection light emitting diodes were applied as light emitters. As the light detectors, both CCD spectrophotometers and light-emitting diodes were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Michalec
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; University of Warsaw, MISMaP College, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Koncki
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Tymecki
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Michalec M, Tymecki Ł. 3D printed flow-through cuvette insert for UV-Vis spectrophotometric and fluorescence measurements. Talanta 2018; 190:423-428. [PMID: 30172528 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid Prototyping technologies expand the availability of fabrication of plastic objects to non-skilled users that need sophisticated equipment for their research. In this communication, for the very first time, the universal design of photometric-fluorometric, UV-Vis compatible, 3D-printed flow-through cuvette with two optical paths (2 and 10 mm) is introduced. The cuvette insert was made with the use of the most economically viable Fused Material Deposition technology which enables truly one-step manufacturing and easy replicating of the device. A utility of the cuvette was presented in the example of the basic flow injection analysis experiments on the model photometric (bromothymol blue) and fluorometric (fluorescein) dyes and proven by investigation of solubility constant of calcium hydrophosphate dihydrate by determination of phosphate using fluorescence quenching of molybdenum blue-Rhodamine B ion pair formation and calcium reaction with calcein in basic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Michalec
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; University of Warsaw, MISMaP College, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Tymecki
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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