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Albumin-Mediated Size Exclusion Chromatography: The Apparent Molecular Weight of PSMA Radioligands as Novel Parameter to Estimate Their Blood Clearance Kinetics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091161. [PMID: 36145382 PMCID: PMC9500755 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A meticulously adjusted pharmacokinetic profile and especially fine-tuned blood clearance kinetics are key characteristics of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. We, therefore, aimed to develop a method that allowed the estimation of blood clearance kinetics in vitro. For this purpose, 177Lu-labeled PSMA radioligands were subjected to a SEC column with human serum albumin (HSA) dissolved in a mobile phase. The HSA-mediated retention time of each PSMA ligand generated by this novel 'albumin-mediated size exclusion chromatography' (AMSEC) was converted to a ligand-specific apparent molecular weight (MWapp), and a normalization accounting for unspecific interactions between individual radioligands and the SEC column matrix was applied. The resulting normalized MWapp,norm. could serve to estimate the blood clearance of renally excreted radioligands by means of their influence on the highly size-selective process of glomerular filtration (GF). Based on the correlation between MW and the glomerular sieving coefficients (GSCs) of a set of plasma proteins, GSCcalc values were calculated to assess the relative differences in the expected GF/blood clearance kinetics in vivo and to select lead candidates among the evaluated radioligands. Significant differences in the MWapp,norm. and GSCcalc values, even for stereoisomers, were found, indicating that AMSEC might be a valuable and high-resolution tool for the preclinical selection of therapeutic lead compounds for clinical translation.
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Parsi M, Desai MH, Desai D, Singhal S, Khandwala PM, Potdar RR. PSMA: a game changer in the diagnosis and treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2021; 38:89. [PMID: 34181109 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although management of advanced prostate cancer is evolving, a lot of work remains to be done for patients who have exhausted all options. Molecular targeting of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is valuable not only for diagnostic but also for therapeutic reasons. PSMA is thus considered to be useful in a theranostic approach. PSMA scans are upcoming diagnostic modalities which detect metastatic lesions that are missed by conventional imaging modalities. PSMA ligand therapy is also an upcoming treatment modality that has been proven to be beneficial with minimal toxicity in patients with advanced prostate cancer that have progressed on prior therapy. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge regarding PSMA diagnostics and PSMA ligand therapies and discuss their implication in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Parsi
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Upland, PA, USA.
| | - Milap H Desai
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devashish Desai
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Upland, PA, USA
| | - Sachi Singhal
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Upland, PA, USA
| | - Pushti M Khandwala
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Upland, PA, USA
| | - Rashmika R Potdar
- Dept of Hematology Oncology, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, Upland, PA, USA
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Felber VB, Valentin MA, Wester HJ. Design of PSMA ligands with modifications at the inhibitor part: an approach to reduce the salivary gland uptake of radiolabeled PSMA inhibitors? EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:10. [PMID: 33638060 PMCID: PMC7910394 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether modifications of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radiolabeled urea-based inhibitors could reduce salivary gland uptake and thus improve tumor-to-salivary gland ratios, several analogs of a high affinity PSMA ligand were synthesized and evaluated in in vitro and in vivo studies. METHODS Binding motifs were synthesized 'on-resin' or, when not practicable, in solution. Peptide chain elongations were performed according to optimized standard protocols via solid-phase peptide synthesis. In vitro experiments were performed using PSMA+ LNCaP cells. In vivo studies as well as μSPECT/CT scans were conducted with male LNCaP tumor xenograft-bearing CB17-SCID mice. RESULTS PSMA ligands with A) modifications within the central Zn2+-binding unit, B) proinhibitor motifs and C) substituents & bioisosteres of the P1'-γ-carboxylic acid were synthesized and evaluated. Modifications within the central Zn2+-binding unit of PSMA-10 (Glu-urea-Glu) provided three compounds. Thereof, only natLu-carbamate I (natLu-3) exhibited high affinity (IC50 = 7.1 ± 0.7 nM), but low tumor uptake (5.31 ± 0.94% ID/g, 1 h p.i. and 1.20 ± 0.55% ID/g, 24 h p.i.). All proinhibitor motif-based ligands (three in total) exhibited low binding affinities (> 1 μM), no notable internalization and very low tumor uptake (< 0.50% ID/g). In addition, four compounds with P1'-ɣ-carboxylate substituents were developed and evaluated. Thereof, only tetrazole derivative natLu-11 revealed high affinity (IC50 = 16.4 ± 3.8 nM), but also this inhibitor showed low tumor uptake (3.40 ± 0.63% ID/g, 1 h p.i. and 0.68 ± 0.16% ID/g, 24 h p.i.). Salivary gland uptake in mice remained at an equally low level for all compounds (between 0.02 ± 0.00% ID/g and 0.09 ± 0.03% ID/g), wherefore apparent tumor-to-submandibular gland and tumor-to-parotid gland ratios for the modified peptides were distinctly lower (factor 8-45) than for [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-10 at 24 h p.i. CONCLUSIONS The investigated compounds could not compete with the in vivo characteristics of the EuE-based PSMA inhibitor [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-10. Although two derivatives (3 and 11) were found to exhibit high affinities towards LNCaP cells, tumor uptake at 24 h p.i. was considerably low, while uptake in salivary glands remained unaffected. Optimization of the established animal model should be envisaged to enable a clear identification of PSMA-targeting radioligands with improved tumor-to-salivary gland ratios in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Barbara Felber
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Manuel Amando Valentin
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Juzeniene A, Stenberg VY, Bruland ØS, Larsen RH. Preclinical and Clinical Status of PSMA-Targeted Alpha Therapy for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:779. [PMID: 33668474 PMCID: PMC7918517 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone, lymph node, and visceral metastases are frequent in castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients. Since such patients have only a few months' survival benefit from standard therapies, there is an urgent need for new personalized therapies. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in prostate cancer and is a molecular target for imaging diagnostics and targeted radionuclide therapy (theragnostics). PSMA-targeted α therapies (PSMA-TAT) may deliver potent and local radiation more selectively to cancer cells than PSMA-targeted β- therapies. In this review, we summarize both the recent preclinical and clinical advances made in the development of PSMA-TAT, as well as the availability of therapeutic α-emitting radionuclides, the development of small molecules and antibodies targeting PSMA. Lastly, we discuss the potentials, limitations, and future perspectives of PSMA-TAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Vilde Yuli Stenberg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Nucligen, Ullernchausséen 64, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Øyvind Sverre Bruland
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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Wang X, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Cao Y, Ingham A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Pan J, Wang Y, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO, Lin KS, Orvig C. H2CHXhox: Rigid Cyclohexane-Reinforced Nonmacrocyclic Chelating Ligand for [nat/67/68Ga]Ga3+. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4895-4908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Wang
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | - Yang Cao
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Aidan Ingham
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3,Canada
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Center for Comparative Medicine, 4145 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1W5, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agronomy Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jinhe Pan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Urs O. Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Ruigrok EAM, van Weerden WM, Nonnekens J, de Jong M. The Future of PSMA-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy: An Overview of Recent Preclinical Research. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E560. [PMID: 31671763 PMCID: PMC6921028 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has become a major focus point in the research and development of prostate cancer (PCa) imaging and therapeutic strategies using radiolabeled tracers. PSMA has shown to be an excellent target for PCa theranostics because of its high expression on the membrane of PCa cells and the increase in expression during disease progression. Therefore, numerous PSMA-targeting tracers have been developed and (pre)clinically studied with promising results. However, many of these PSMA-targeting tracers show uptake in healthy organs such as the salivary glands, causing radiotoxicity. Furthermore, not all patients respond to PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). This created the necessity of additional preclinical research studies in which existing tracers are reevaluated and new tracers are developed in order to improve PSMA-TRT by protecting the (PSMA-expressing) healthy organs and improving tumor uptake. In this review we will give an overview of the recent preclinical research projects regarding PCa-TRT using PSMA-specific radiotracers, which will give an indication of where the PSMA-TRT research movement is going and what we can expect in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline A M Ruigrok
- Dept. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Dept. of Experimental Urology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Julie Nonnekens
- Dept. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marion de Jong
- Dept. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wirtz M, Schmidt A, Schottelius M, Robu S, Günther T, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of urea-based PSMA inhibitors with increased lipophilicity. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:84. [PMID: 30136051 PMCID: PMC6104465 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors based on the lysine-urea-glutamate (KuE) motif as the pharmacophore proved to be suitable tools for PET/SPECT imaging of the PSMA expression in prostate cancer patients. PSMA I&T, a theranostic tracer developed in our group, was optimized through alteration of the peptidic structure in order to increase the affinity to PSMA and internalization in PSMA-expressing tumor cells. However, further structural modifications held promise to improve the pharmacokinetic profile. Results Among the investigated compounds 1–9, the PSMA inhibitors 5 and 6 showed the highest PSMA affinity (lowest IC50 values) after the introduction of a naphthylalanine modification. The affinity was up to three times higher compared to the reference PSMA I&T. Extended aromatic systems such as the biphenylalanine residue in 4 impaired the interaction with the lipophilic binding pocket of PSMA, resulting in a tenfold lower affinity. The IC50 of DOTAGA-conjugated 10 was slightly increased compared to the acetylated analog; however, efficient PSMA-mediated internalization and 80% plasma protein binding of 68Ga-10 resulted in effective tumor targeting and low uptake in non-target tissues of LNCaP tumor-bearing CD-1 nu/nu mice at 1 h p.i., as determined by small-animal PET imaging and biodistribution studies. For prolonged tumor retention, the plasma protein binding was increased by insertion of 4-iodo-d-phenylalanine resulting in 97% plasma protein binding and 16.1 ± 2.5% ID/g tumor uptake of 177Lu-11 at 24 h p.i. Conclusions Higher lipophilicity of the novel PSMA ligands 10 and 11 proved to be beneficial in terms of affinity and internalization and resulted in higher tumor uptake compared to the parent compound. Additional combination with para-iodo-phenylalanine in the spacer of ligand 11 elevated the plasma protein binding and enabled sustained tumor accumulation over 24 h, increasing the tumor uptake almost fourfold compared to 177Lu-PSMA I&T. However, high renal uptake remains a drawback and further studies are necessary to elucidate the responsible mechanism behind it. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-018-0440-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wirtz
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Stephanie Robu
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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