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Chen C, Lv M, Hu H, Huai L, Zhu B, Fan S, Wang Q, Zhang J. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and its Downstream Chemicals: A Review of Catalytic Routes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311464. [PMID: 38808666 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Biomass assumes an increasingly vital role in the realm of renewable energy and sustainable development due to its abundant availability, renewability, and minimal environmental impact. Within this context, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), derived from sugar dehydration, stands out as a critical bio-derived product. It serves as a pivotal multifunctional platform compound, integral in synthesizing various vital chemicals, including furan-based polymers, fine chemicals, and biofuels. The high reactivity of HMF, attributed to its highly active aldehyde, hydroxyl, and furan ring, underscores the challenge of selectively regulating its conversion to obtain the desired products. This review highlights the research progress on efficient catalytic systems for HMF synthesis, oxidation, reduction, and etherification. Additionally, it outlines the techno-economic analysis (TEA) and prospective research directions for the production of furan-based chemicals. Despite significant progress in catalysis research, and certain process routes demonstrating substantial economics, with key indicators surpassing petroleum-based products, a gap persists between fundamental research and large-scale industrialization. This is due to the lack of comprehensive engineering research on bio-based chemicals, making the commercialization process a distant goal. These findings provide valuable insights for further development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingxin Lv
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hualei Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liyuan Huai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shilin Fan
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuge Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Zhang S, Zheng J, Li Z, Ding X, Wang Y. A green catalytic reaction system for the synthesis 5-amino-1-pentanol with furfural and ionic liquid hydroxylamine salt as the initial raw material. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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3
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Campisi S, Gervasini A, Prati L, Zhang X, Liang K, Naguib M, Villa A. Two-dimensional MXenes as catalytic “flying carpets” to transport biomass valorization towards new horizons: The case of furfural catalytic transfer hydrogenation over noble-metal free niobium-based carbides. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Barranca A, Gandarias I, Arias PL, Agirrezabal-Telleria I. One-Pot Production of 1,5-Pentanediol from Furfural Through Tailored Hydrotalcite-Based Catalysts. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe one-pot production of a relevant chemical such as 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PDO) from sustainable sources (furfural) is a key reaction to compete with existing fossil sources. This work provides new evidence on the influence of the starting reagent, the features of layered double hydrotalcite (LDH)-derived catalysts in the form of mixed metal oxides (MMO) and of reaction conditions on the productivity of 1,5-PDO under batch conditions. Unlike reported studies, these results suggest the direct pathway through furfuryl alcohol intermediates, allowing the one-pot production from furfural at lower temperature than analogous systems. Productivity is maximized when Co2+ species partially substitute Mg2+ species in parent LDH, yielding promising pentanediol yields under mild reaction conditions. MMOs containing Co2+ sites show marked differences compared to analogous bivalent metals, which is here attributed to the position in which reaction intermediates such as furfuryl alcohol are adsorbed onto surface specie. This is consistent with characterized surface species by XRD, temperature programmed reduction under H2, and chemisorption experiments using CO or CO2 as probe molecules, indicative of a proper balance between metal and basic sites onto MMOs. The reported data aim to provide new reaction evidence to contribute into the search of sustainable 1,5-PDO sources.
Graphical Abstract
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One-Pot Synthesis of 1,2-Pentanediol via the Bifunctional Catalyst of Ti-MWW Strengthened by CeO2 Nanoparticles. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Yamaguchi A, Murakami Y, Imura T, Wakita K. Hydrogenolysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to 1,2-Pentanediol Over Supported Ruthenium Catalysts. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:731-736. [PMID: 34109757 PMCID: PMC8340061 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenolysis of the furan rings of furfural and furfuryl alcohol, which can be obtained from biomass, has attracted attention as a method for obtaining valuable chemicals such as 1,2-pentanediol. In this study, we examined the hydrogenolysis of furfuryl alcohol to 1,2-pentanediol over Pd/C, Pt/C, Rh/C, and various supported Ru catalysts in several solvents. In particular, we investigated the effects of combinations of solvents and supports on the reaction outcome. Of all the tested combinations, Ru/MgO in water gave the best selectivity for 1,2-pentanediol: with this catalyst, 42 % selectivity for 1,2-pentanediol was achieved upon hydrogenolysis of furfuryl alcohol for 1 h at 463 K. In contrast, reaction in water in the presence of Ru/Al2 O3 afforded cyclopentanone and cyclopentanol by means of hydrogenation and rearrangement reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritomo Yamaguchi
- Research Institute for Chemical Process TechnologyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)4-2-1 Nigatake, MiyaginoSendai983-8551'Japan
| | - Yuka Murakami
- Research Institute for Chemical Process TechnologyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)4-2-1 Nigatake, MiyaginoSendai983-8551'Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imura
- Research Institute for Chemical Process TechnologyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)4-2-1 Nigatake, MiyaginoSendai983-8551'Japan
| | - Kazuaki Wakita
- NOF CORPORATIONInternational Business DepartmentOleo & Speciality Chemicals Division20-3, Ebisu 4-Chome, Shibuya-kuTokyo150-6019Japan
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7
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Zhu J, Yin G. Catalytic Transformation of the Furfural Platform into Bifunctionalized Monomers for Polymer Synthesis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlian Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Guochuan Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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Enhanced Performance of the OMS-2-Supported CuOx Catalysts for Carbon Monoxide, Ethyl Acetate, and Toluene Oxidation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different Cu contents (x wt%) were supported on the cryptomelane-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) (xCu/OMS-2; x = 1, 5, 15, and 20) via a pre-incorporation method. Physicochemical properties of the OMS-2 and xCu/OMS-2 samples were characterized by means of the XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TG/DTG, ICP-OES, XPS, O2-TPD, H2-TPR, and in situ DRIFTS techniques, and their catalytic activities were measured for the oxidation of CO, ethyl acetate, and toluene. The results show that the Cu species were homogeneously dispersed in the tunnel and framework structure of OMS-2. Among all of the samples, 15Cu/OMS-2 sample exhibited the best activities with the T50% of 65, 165, and 240 °C as well as the T90% of 85, 215, and 290 °C for CO, ethyl acetate and toluene oxidation, respectively, which was due to the existence of the Cu species and Mn3+/Mn4+ redox couples, rich oxygen vacancies, good oxygen mobility, low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between the Cu species and the OMS-2 support. The reaction mechanisms were also deduced by analyzing the in situ DRIFTS spectra of the 15Cu/OMS-2 sample. The excellent oxygen mobility associated with the electron transfer between Cu species and Mn3+/Mn4+ redox couples might be conducive to the continuous replenishment of active oxygen species and the constantly generated reactant intermediates, thereby increasing the reactant reaction rate.
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Ru Nanoparticles on a Sulfonated Carbon Layer Coated SBA-15 for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Furfural into 1, 4-pentanediol. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Fu X, Ren X, Shen J, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Orooji Y, Xu W, Liang J. Synergistic catalytic hydrogenation of furfural to 1,2-pentanediol and 1,5-pentanediol with LDO derived from CuMgAl hydrotalcite. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wang X, Weng Y, Zhao X, Xue X, Meng S, Wang Z, Zhang W, Duan P, Sun Q, Zhang Y. Selective Hydrogenolysis and Hydrogenation of Furfuryl Alcohol in the Aqueous Phase Using Ru–Mn-Based Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Yujing Weng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Shihang Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Zhenfei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Peigao Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28, West Xianning Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
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12
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Value-Added Bio-Chemicals Commodities from Catalytic Conversion of Biomass Derived Furan-Compounds. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The depletion of fossil resources in the near future and the need to decrease greenhouse gas emissions lead to the investigation of using alternative renewable resources as raw materials. One of the most promising options is the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (like forestry residues) into bioenergy, biofuels and biochemicals. Among these products, the production of intermediate biochemicals has become an important goal since the petrochemical industry needs to find sustainable alternatives. In this way, the chemical industry competitiveness could be improved as bioproducts have a great potential market. Thus, the main objective of this review is to describe the production processes under study (reaction conditions, type of catalysts, solvents, etc.) of some promising intermediate biochemicals, such as; alcohols (1,2,6-hexanetriol, 1,6-hexanetriol and pentanediols (1,2 and 1,5-pentanediol)), maleic anhydride and 5-alkoxymethylfuran. These compounds can be produced using 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and/or furfural, which they both are considered one of the main biomass derived building blocks.
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Synthesis of salicylaldehyde through oxidation of o-cresol: Evaluation of activity and selectivity of different metals supported on OMS-2 nanorods and kinetics. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Bretzler P, Huber M, Nickl S, Köhler K. Hydrogenation of furfural by noble metal-free nickel modified tungsten carbide catalysts. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27323-27330. [PMID: 35516944 PMCID: PMC9055482 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02003f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel-tungsten carbide catalysts convert furfural to high value products in a liquid phase catalytic reaction. The product distribution depends on the solvent and the Ni-W-ratio of the catalyst. In isopropyl alcohol a combination of Ni and W x C enables the opening of the furan ring to yield 1,2-pentanediol. Nickel accelerates the tungsten oxide reduction in the tungsten carbide catalyst synthesis and facilitates the carbon insertion. Nickel modified tungsten carbide is a promising, noble metal-free catalyst system for the upgrading of furfural based renewable resources. Its preparation is facilitated compared to unmodified tungsten carbide catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bretzler
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany +49 89 289 13233
- Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 1 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Michael Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany +49 89 289 13233
- Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 1 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Simon Nickl
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany +49 89 289 13233
- Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 1 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Klaus Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany +49 89 289 13233
- Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 1 85747 Garching Germany
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Yurderi M, Top T, Bulut A, Kanberoglu GS, Kaya M, Zahmakiran M. Complete Dehydrogenation of Hydrazine Borane on Manganese Oxide Nanorod-Supported Ni@Ir Core-Shell Nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9728-9738. [PMID: 32589025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrazine borane (HB; N2H4BH3) has been considered to be one of the most promising solid chemical hydrogen storage materials owing to its high hydrogen capacity and stability under ambient conditions. Despite that, the high purity of hydrogen production from the complete dehydrogenation of HB stands as a major problem that needs to be solved for the convenient use of HB in on-demand hydrogen production systems. In this study, we describe the development of a new catalytic material comprised of bimetallic Ni@Ir core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) supported on OMS-2-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve nanorods (Ni@Ir/OMS-2), which can reproducibly be prepared by following a synthesis protocol including (i) the oleylamine-mediated preparation of colloidal Ni@Ir NPs and (ii) wet impregnation of these ex situ synthesized Ni@Ir NPs onto the OMS-2 surface. The characterization of Ni@Ir/OMS-2 has been done by using various spectroscopic and visualization techniques, and their results have revealed the formation of well-dispersed Ni@Ir core-shell NPs on the surface of OMS-2. The catalytic employment of Ni@Ir/OMS-2 in the dehydrogenation of HB showed that Ni0.22@Ir0.78/OMS-2 exhibited high dehydrogenation selectivity (>99%) at complete conversion with a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 2590 h-1 at 323 K, which is the highest activity value among all reported catalysts for the complete dehydrogenation of HB. Furthermore, the Ni0.22@Ir0.78/OMS-2 catalyst enables facile recovery and high stability against agglomeration and leaching, which make it a reusable catalyst in the complete dehydrogenation of HB. The studies reported herein also include the collection of wealthy kinetic data to determine the activation parameters for Ni0.22@Ir0.78/OMS-2-catalyzed dehydrogenation of HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yurderi
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Tuba Top
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bulut
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Saydan Kanberoglu
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Atilim University, 06836 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zahmakiran
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey
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16
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Enjamuri N, Darbha S. Solid catalysts for conversion of furfural and its derivatives to alkanediols. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2020.1744327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagasuresh Enjamuri
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Srinivas Darbha
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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17
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Pisal DS, Yadav GD. A novel single-step hydrogenation of 2-imidazolecarboxaldehyde to 2-methylimidazole over Pd-impregnated Al–Ti mixed oxide and kinetics. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00154f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel and clean route for the hydrogenation of 2-imidazolecarboxaldehyde to 2-methylimidazole with high yield and selectivity over a Pd/ATMO catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra S. Pisal
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400 019
- India
| | - Ganapati D. Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400 019
- India
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