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Li Y, Hou S, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wei C, Li H. One-step preparation of ZnTi-LDH/graphene nanosheet hybrids in supercritical ethanol based on an exfoliation-reassembly strategy and their enhanced photocatalytic performance. J Supercrit Fluids 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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2
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Effect of Different Solvents on the Synthesis of Resorcinol–Formaldehyde and g-C3N4 Composite as Photocatalyst for Degradation of Methylene Blue. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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3
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Phang SJ, Lee J, Wong VL, Tan LL, Chai SP. Synergistic effects of the hybridization between boron-doped carbon quantum dots and n/n-type g-C 3N 4 homojunction for boosted visible-light photocatalytic activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41272-41292. [PMID: 35088270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dye wastewater has raised a prevalent environmental concern due to its ability to prevent the penetration of sunlight through water, thereby causing a disruption to the aquatic ecosystem. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are particularly sought after for their highly tailorable photoelectrochemical and optical properties. Simultaneously, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has gained widespread attention due to its suitable band gap energy as well as excellent chemical and thermal stabilities. Herein, a novel boron-doped CQD (BCQD)-hybridized g-C3N4 homojunction (CN) nanocomposite was fabricated via a facile hydrothermal route. The optimal photocatalyst sample, 1-BCQD/CN (with a 1:3 mass ratio of boron to CQD) accomplished a Rhodamine B (RhB, 10 mg/L) degradation efficiency of 96.8% within 4 h under an 18 W LED light irradiation. The kinetic rate constant of 1.39 × 10-2 min-1 achieved by the optimum sample was found to be 3.6- and 2.8-folds higher than that of pristine CN and un-doped CQD/CN, respectively. The surface morphology, crystalline structure, chemical composition and optical properties of photocatalyst samples were characterized via TEM, FESEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis DRS and FL spectrometer. Based on the scavenging tests, it was revealed that the photogenerated holes (h+), superoxide anions (∙O2-) and hydroxyl radicals (∙OH) were the primary reactive species responsible for the photodegradation process. Overall, the highly efficient 1-BCQD/CN composite with excellent photocatalytic activity could provide a cost-effective and robust means to address the increasing concerns over global environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jiun Phang
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, 62200, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Jiale Lee
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Voon-Loong Wong
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, 62200, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Lling-Lling Tan
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siang-Piao Chai
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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N, P Self-Doped Porous Carbon Material Derived from Lotus Pollen for Highly Efficient Ethanol–Water Mixtures Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101744. [PMID: 35630966 PMCID: PMC9143249 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous biochar materials prepared with biomass as a precursor have received widespread attention. In this work, lotus pollen (LP) was used as the carbon source, a variety of the pollen carbon photocatalyst were prepared by a two-step roasting method. A series of characterizations were carried out on the prepared samples, and it was found that the average particle size was about 40 μm. They also exhibit a typical amorphous carbon structure and a porous structure with a network-like interconnected surface. The photocatalytic hydrogen production performances of lotus pollen carbon (LP-C) and commercial carbon black (CB) were measured under the full spectrum illumination. LP-C-600 showed the best hydrogen production performance (3.5 μmol·g−1·h−1). In addition, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurement results confirmed that the LP-C materials show better incident photon-current efficiency (IPCE) performance than the CB materials in the neutral electrolyte. This is because the unique surface wrinkling, hierarchical porous structure, and the N, P self-doping behavior of the LP-C samples are able to improve the light utilization efficiency and the carrier separation/transfer efficiency, thereby further improving the overall hydrogen production efficiency.
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Shittu FB, Iqbal A, Ahmad MN, Yusop MR, Ibrahim MNM, Sabar S, Wilson LD, Yanto DHY. Insight into the photodegradation mechanism of bisphenol-A by oxygen doped mesoporous carbon nitride under visible light irradiation and DFT calculations. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10409-10423. [PMID: 35424996 PMCID: PMC8984687 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00995a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen doped mesoporous carbon nitride (O-MCN) was successfully synthesized through one-step thermal polymerization of urea and glucose utilizing nanodisc silica (NDS) from rice husk ash as a hard template. The CO2 gas, NH3 and water vapor produced during the thermal process reshaped the morphology and textural properties of the of O-MCN compared to pristine mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN). Highest bisphenol A (BPA) removal achieved under visible light irradiation was 97%, with 60% mineralization ([BPA] = 10 mg L-1: catalyst dosage = 40 mg L-1; pH = 10; 180 min). In addition to mesoporosity, the sub-gap impurity states created from the oxygen doping reduced recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. Holes (h+) and superoxide (O2˙-) were identified as the predominant active species responsible for the photodegradation process. The photodegradation route was proposed based on the intermediates detected by LC-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS). The Density of States (DOS) showed that oxygen doping resulted in a higher photoactivity due to the stronger localization and delocalization of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The adsorption pathway of the BPA on the O-MCN and MCN was successfully predicted using the DFT calculations, namely molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), global and local descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Bukola Shittu
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Minden 11800 Penang Malaysia
- The Federal Polytechnic Offa P.M.B 420 Offa Kwara State Nigeria
| | - Anwar Iqbal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Minden 11800 Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Norazmi Ahmad
- Experimental and Theoretical Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia Bandar Indera Mahkota 25200 Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rahimi Yusop
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Malaysia
| | | | - Sumiyyah Sabar
- Chemical Sciences Programme, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia Minden 11800 Penang Malaysia
| | - Lee D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place, Room 165 Thorvaldson Building Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Dede Heri Yuli Yanto
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
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Sakuna P, Ketwong P, Ohtani B, Trakulmututa J, Kobkeatthawin T, Luengnaruemitchai A, Smith SM. The Influence of Metal-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride on Photocatalytic Conversion of Acetic Acid to Carbon Dioxide. Front Chem 2022; 10:825786. [PMID: 35402383 PMCID: PMC8983859 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.825786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-doped graphitic carbon nitride (MCN) materials have shown great promise as effective photocatalysts for the conversion of acetic acid to carbon dioxide under UV–visible irradiation and are superior to pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN). In this study, the effects of metal dopants on the physicochemical properties of metal-doped CN samples (Fe-, Cu-, Zn-, FeCu-, FeZn-, and CuZn-doped CN) and their catalytic activity in the photooxidation of acetic acid were investigated and discussed for their correlation, especially on their surface and bulk structures. The materials in the order of highest to lowest photocatalytic activity are FeZn_CN, FeCu_CN, Fe_CN, and Cu_CN (rates of CO2 evolution higher than for CN), followed by Zn_CN, CuZn_CN, and CN (rates of CO2 evolution lower than CN). Although Fe doping resulted in the extension of the light absorption range, incorporation of metals did not significantly alter the crystalline phase, morphology, and specific surface area of the CN materials. However, the extension of light absorption into the visible region on Fe doping did not provide a suitable explanation for the increase in photocatalytic efficiency. To further understand this issue, the materials were analyzed using two complementary techniques, reversed double-beam photoacoustic spectroscopy (RDB-PAS) and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). The FeZn_CN, with the highest electron trap density between 2.95 and 3.00 eV, afforded the highest rate of CO2 evolution from acetic acid photodecomposition. All Fe-incorporated CN materials and Cu-CN reported herein can be categorized as high activity catalysts according to the rates of CO2 evolution obtained, higher than 0.15 μmol/min−1, or >1.5 times higher than that of pristine CN. Results from this research are suggestive of a correlation between the rate of CO2 evolution via photocatalytic oxidation of acetic acid with the threshold number of free unpaired electrons in CN-based materials and high electron trap density (between 2.95 and 3.00 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichnaree Sakuna
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Bunsho Ohtani
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Bunsho Ohtani, ; Siwaporn Meejoo Smith,
| | - Jirawat Trakulmututa
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Thawanrat Kobkeatthawin
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Siwaporn Meejoo Smith
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Bunsho Ohtani, ; Siwaporn Meejoo Smith,
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Oseghe EO, Akpotu SO, Mombeshora ET, Oladipo AO, Ombaka LM, Maria BB, Idris AO, Mamba G, Ndlwana L, Ayanda OS, Ofomaja AE, Nyamori VO, Feleni U, Nkambule TT, Msagati TA, Mamba BB, Bahnemann DW. Multi-dimensional applications of graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials – A review. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ha NTT, Be PT, Lan PT, Mo NT, Cam LM, Ha NN. Whether planar or corrugated graphitic carbon nitride combined with titanium dioxide exhibits better photocatalytic performance? RSC Adv 2021; 11:16351-16358. [PMID: 35479150 PMCID: PMC9030072 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The density functional theory method was performed to study the electronic structures of planar (pGN), corrugated (cGN) graphitic carbon nitride and their interactions with titanium dioxide cluster (TiO2)7. The transfer of photoinduced electrons was analyzed and electronic excitations were calculated. The obtained results show that cGN is thermodynamically more stable than pGN. cGN chemically interacts with titanium dioxide clusters, while the interaction between pGN and the cluster is assigned to physical nature. The combination of cGN and pGN with (TiO2)7 reduces the energy of the first excited states compared to that of the pure substances. The photocatalytic activities were estimated based on hypotheses on the location of the reduction and oxidation sites, the distance between the photoinduced holes and electrons and the electron density of molecular orbitals involved in the excitation. cGN/TiO2 is predicted to have a higher photocatalytic activity than pGN/TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy Str. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Be
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy Str. Hanoi Vietnam .,Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Taynguyen University Daklak Vietnam
| | - Phung Thi Lan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy Str. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Mo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy Str. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Le Minh Cam
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy Str. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Ha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy Str. Hanoi Vietnam
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Zhao G, Xing Y, Hao S, Xu X, Ma W, Guo J. Why the hydrothermal fluorinated method can improve photocatalytic activity of carbon nitride. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Phang SJ, Goh JM, Tan LL, Lee WPC, Ong WJ, Chai SP. Metal-free n/n-junctioned graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4): a study to elucidate its charge transfer mechanism and application for environmental remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4388-4403. [PMID: 32940840 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been regarded as a promising visible light-driven photocatalyst ascribable to its tailorable structures, thermal stability and chemical inertness. Enhanced photocatalytic activity is achievable by the construction of homojunction nanocomposites to reduce the undesired recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. In the present work, a novel g-C3N4/g-C3N4 metal-free homojunction photocatalyst was synthesized via hydrothermal polymerization. The g-C3N4/g-C3N4 derived from urea and thiourea demonstrated admirable photocatalytic activity towards rhodamine B (RhB) degradation upon irradiation of an 18 W LED light. The viability of the photoreaction with a low-powered excitation source highlighted the economic and environmental benefits of the process. The optimal g-C3N4/g-C3N4 homojunction photocatalyst exhibited a 2- and 1.8-fold increase in efficiency in relative to pristine g-C3N4 derived from urea and thiourea respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is credited to the improved interfacial transfer and separation of electron-hole pairs across the homojunction interface. Furthermore, an excellent photochemical stability and durability is displayed by g-C3N4/g-C3N4 after three consecutive cycles. In addition, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on various scavenging tests. Overall, experimental results generated from this study is expected to intrigue novel research inspirations in developing metal-free homojunction photocatalysts to be feasible for large-scale wastewater treatment without compromising economically. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jiun Phang
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, 62200, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Jin Mei Goh
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, 62200, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Lling-Lling Tan
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wuen Pei Cathie Lee
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Entropic Interface Group, Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Wee-Jun Ong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sunsuria City, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siang-Piao Chai
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nguyen TTH, Le MC, Ha NN. Understanding the influence of single metal (Li, Mg, Al, Fe, Ag) doping on the electronic and optical properties of g-C3N4: a theoretical study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1858078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Ha Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of physical and theoretical chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Cam Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of physical and theoretical chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Ha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of physical and theoretical chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Luo L, Ma J, Zhu H, Tang J. Embedded carbon in a carbon nitride hollow sphere for enhanced charge separation and photocatalytic water splitting. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7339-7346. [PMID: 32202586 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00226g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification and morphological engineering are two important approaches to improve photocatalysis through enhancing photoabsorption and retarding charge recombination. Herein, a graphitic carbon integrated graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) hollow sphere has been prepared via the modified shape-selective templating method in order to enchance light absorption and promote charge seperation under visible-light irradiation. MCM-41 that underwent carbonization at different temperatures in an inert atmosphere but not the conventional soft-template elimination was utilized as the sacrificial template. The resultant materials achieved an excellent photocatalytic performance with their hydrogen evolution rate reaching 718.1 μmol g-1 h-1, approximately 15 times higher than that of the bulk graphitic C3N4, resulting in 1.54% apparent quantum yield at 420 nm. The efficient photocatalysis was mainly attributed to the synergy of the vesicle morphology and carbon modification. The advantageous vesicle structure enhanced photoabsorption via the light scattering effect, while further carbon modification provided an efficient pathway to promote charge speration and transfer, which demonstrated that the carbon derived from the organic template residues (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) was a facile yet effective medium to optimize the photocatalysis of C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Luo
- Key Lab of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, the Energy and Catalysis Hub, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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Huang S, Long Y, Ruan S, Zeng YJ. Enhanced Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction in Defect-Engineered Z-Scheme WO 3-x /g-C 3N 4 Heterostructures. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15593-15599. [PMID: 31572860 PMCID: PMC6761746 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen vacancy-modified WO3-x nanorods composited with g-C3N4 have been synthesized via the chemisorption method. The crystalline structure, morphology, composition, band structure, and charge separation mechanism for WO3-x /g-C3N4 heterostructures are studied in detail. The g-C3N4 nanosheets are attached on the surface of WO3-x nanorods. The Z-scheme separation is confirmed by the analysis of generated hydroxyl radicals. The electrons in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of g-C3N4 and the holes in the valence band of WO3 can participate in the photocatalytic reaction to reduce CO2 into CO. New energy levels of oxygen vacancies are formed in the band gap of WO3, further extending the visible-light response, separating the charge carriers in Z-scheme and prolonging the lifetime of electrons. Therefore, the WO3-x /g-C3N4 heterostructures exhibit much higher photocatalytic activity than the pristine g-C3N4.
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Tseng IH, Sung YM, Chang PY, Chen CY. Anatase TiO₂-Decorated Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E146. [PMID: 30960129 PMCID: PMC6401778 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three types of graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) nanosheets were derived from direct thermal condensation of urea, melamine, and dicyandiamide, respectively. As the sample (uCN) synthesized from urea exhibited porous morphology and highest surface area among other gCN, anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles were then in-situ deposited on uCN via solvothermal process without further calcination. The resultant Ti/uCN_x samples remained with higher surface area and exhibited visible-light activity. The derived band structure of each sample also confirmed its ability to photoreduce CO₂. XPS results revealed surface compositions of each sample. Those functional groups governed adsorption of reactant, interfacial interaction, electron transfer rate, and consequently influenced the yield of products. Carbon monoxide and methanol were detected from LED-lamp illuminated samples under appropriate moisture content. Samples with higher ratio of terminal amine groups produced more CO. The presence of hydroxyl groups promoted the initial conversion of methanol. The obtained Ti/uCN_0.5 and Ti/uCN_1.5 samples exhibited better quantum efficiency toward CO₂ conversion and demonstrated stability to consistently produce CO under cycling photoreaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsiang Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Min Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Ya Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Yi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
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