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Xu S, Liu X, Hou Y, Kou M, Xu X, Veljković F, Veličković S, Kong X. Structures and growth pathways of Au nCl n+3- (n ≤ 7) cluster anions. Front Chem 2024; 12:1382443. [PMID: 38645774 PMCID: PMC11027128 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1382443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gold chloride clusters play an important role in catalysis and materials chemistry. Due to the diversity of their species and isomers, there is still a dearth of structural studies at the molecular level. In this work, anions of AunCln+3 - and AunCln+5 - (n = 2-4) clusters were obtained by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS), and the most stable isomers of AunCln+3 - were determined after a thorough search and optimization at the TPSSh/aug-cc-pVTZ/ECP60MDF level. The results indicate that all isomers with the lowest energy have a planar zigzag skeleton. In each species, there is one Au(III) atom at the edge connected with four Cl atoms, which sets it from the other Au(I) atoms. Four growth pathways for AunCln+3 - (n = 2-7) clusters are proposed (labelled R1, R2, R3 and R4). They are all associated with an aurophilic contact and are exothermic. The binding energies tend to stabilize at ∼ -41 kcal/mol when the size of the cluster increases in all pathways. The pathway R1, which connects all the most stable isomers of the respective clusters, is characterized by cluster growth due to aurophilic interactions at the terminal atom of Au(I) in the zigzag chains. In the pathway of R4 involving Au-Au bonding in its initial structures (n ≤ 3), the distance between intermediate gold atoms grows with cluster size, ultimately resulting in the transfer of the intermediate Au-Au bonding into aurophilic interaction. The size effect on the structure and aurophilic interactions of these clusters will be better understood based on these discoveries, potentially providing new insights into the active but elusive chemical species involved in the corresponding catalytic reactions or nanoparticle synthesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yameng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Filip Veljković
- ‘‘VINCA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suzana Veličković
- ‘‘VINCA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Xianglei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Siberchicot B, Aupiais J. Bond-bending isomerism and metallophilicity in metal-halogen anions (Cu,Ag,Au) 2X 3 -, X = F, Cl, Br, I, At. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7129-7134. [PMID: 36875882 PMCID: PMC9979621 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07457e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the framework of DFT (ABINIT package), we have performed atomic relaxations on the (Cu,Ag,Au)2X3 -, X = F, Cl, Br, I, At anion series. Opposite to linear (MX2)- anions, all (M2X3)- systems are triangular (C 2v symmetry). According to the system, we classified these anions in three categories according to the relative strength of electronegativity, chemical hardness, metallophilicity and van der Waals interaction. We found two bond-bending isomers: (Au2I3)- and (Au2At3)-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Siberchicot
- CEA, DAM, DIF F-92297 Arpajon France .,CEA, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, Université Paris-Saclay F-91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel France
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Yu X, Li D, Wang K, Xia T, Xu C, Wu Z, Cheng L. The Covalent Au I-Au I Bond in (AuF) n ( n = 2∼4): A Perspective to Understand the Closed-Shell Au I···Au I Interaction. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:1051-1058. [PMID: 34965112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nature of closed-shell AuI···AuI attraction is still a conundrum in theoretical chemistry. However, for Au2F2 with a zigzag conformation, the d10-d10 closed-shell interaction between the AuF monomers is demonstrated as a coordinate covalent bond. Chemical bonding analysis reveals that the strong AuI···AuI attraction is caused by the participation of the extraordinary active 5d orbital of Au. Based on our study, one of the 5d orbitals of the Au atom is activated to hybridize with its 6s and 6p orbitals to form hybridized dsp2 orbitals, where each Au atom is both an electron donor (Lewis base) and acceptor (Lewis Acid) in dimerization. Actually, the closed-shell AuI···AuI interaction in the zigzag conformation of Au2X2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I, or NH2) is covalent. Our results provide a rather simple but clear-cut example, where mysterious AuI···AuI attractions can be possibly explained by the covalent bond theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China.,Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
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Kasperkowiak M, Durnik M, Jankowski W, Hoffmann M, Gierczyk B, Frański R. Gas-phase generation of dinuclear Au(I)-Au(II) complexes by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:101-106. [PMID: 34187348 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211028785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkali metal chloroaurates(III) were analysed by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Among a number of generated gas-phase ionic clusters, the unusual ions [MAu2Cl5]- (were M stands for Na, K, Rb, Cs) were detected. The spectra of metastable ions and quantum mechanics calculations show the presence of unprecedented Au(I)-Au(II) interactions in the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michalina Durnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Hoffmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Błażej Gierczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Frański
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Schmidbaur H, Raubenheimer HG. Excimer and Exciplex Formation in Gold(I) Complexes Preconditioned by Aurophilic Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14748-14771. [PMID: 32022383 PMCID: PMC7496071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Excimers and exciplexes are defined as assemblies of atoms or molecules A/A' where interatomic/intermolecular bonding appears only in excited states such as [A2 ]* (for excimers) and [AA']* (for exciplexes). Their formation has become widely known because of their role in gas-phase laser technologies, but their significance in general chemistry terms has been given little attention. Recent investigations in gold chemistry have opened up a new field of excimer and exciplex chemistry that relies largely on the preorganization of gold(I) compounds (electronic configuration AuI (5d10 )) through aurophilic contacts. In the corresponding excimers, a new type of Au⋅⋅⋅Au bonding arises, with bond energies and lengths approaching those of ground-state Au-Au bonds between metal atoms in the Au0 (5d10 6s1 ) and AuII (5d9 ) configurations. Excimer formation gives rise to a broad range of photophysical effects, for which some of the relaxation dynamics have recently been clarified. Excimers have also been shown to play an important role in photoredox binuclear gold catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Helgard G. Raubenheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceUniversity of StellenboschPrivate Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
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Schmidbaur H, Raubenheimer HG. Excimer‐ und Exciplex‐Bildung in durch aurophile Wechselwirkungen präkonditionierten Gold(I)‐ Komplexen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Helgard G. Raubenheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Südafrika
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Luo K, Li J, Cao Y, Liu C, Ge J, Chen H, Zare RN. Reaction of chloroauric acid with histidine in microdroplets yields a catalytic Au-(His) 2 complex. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2558-2565. [PMID: 34084419 PMCID: PMC8157187 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An aqueous solution containing histidine (His, 100 μM) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4, 10 μM) is electrosprayed (-4.5 kV) from a capillary (50 μm in diameter) with N2 nebulizing gas (120 psi). The resulting microdroplets entered a mass spectrometer with a 2 cm flight path. The mass spectrum recorded in negative ion mode showed several peaks including the Au5 nanocluster with the major one being [Au + 2His-2H]-, which is a catalytically active species. The reaction time was less 1 ms, and the yield of [Au + 2His-2H]- was 76%. In contrast, the bulk reaction for the same concentration run at room temperature for 2 h did not produce this species but instead formed Au10 nanocluster. When a solution of water and acetonitrile (1 : 1) containing indoline (100 mM) and the phenylacetylene (200 mM) as well as histidine and chloroauric acid at the same concentrations as above was electrosprayed, the mass spectrum showed the formation of the intermediate [Au + 2His + phenylacetylene + H]+. Upon collecting the microdroplets, the 4-methyl-4,6-diphenyl-1,2-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij] quinolone product was observed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography with a yield of 44%. The microdroplet synthesis using the Au-(His)2 complex as a catalyst was scaled up using room-temperature ultrasonic nebulization to produce the product at the rate of 35 mg min-1, which is semi-preparative and demonstrates the promise of using microdroplet reactions for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Yufei Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
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Ma Y, Bian S, Shi Y, Fan X, Kong X. Greatly Enhanced Electron Affinities of Au 2n Cl Clusters ( n = 1-4): Effects of Chlorine Doping. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:17295-17300. [PMID: 31656903 PMCID: PMC6811865 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Au2n Cl- (n = 1-4) clusters are investigated by both laser ablation mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations. It is interesting to find that the electron affinities of neutral Au2n Cl (n = 1-4) clusters are much larger than those of corresponding pure Au2n clusters. Among them, the electron affinity of Au2Cl is 4.02 eV, which can be defined as a very unique superhalogen that is quite different from classical ones of M n X m (M = metal, X = halogen, and n < m). Natural bond orbital and highest occupied molecular orbital analyses indicate that the extra electron is predominantly delocalized over the positively charged metal moiety in these anionic Au2n Cl- clusters, which is the main reason for the large electron affinities of the corresponding neutral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shen Bian
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xingting Fan
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- Tianjin
Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications & State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collage of Chemistry and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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