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Shah YA, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Afzaal M, Saeed F, Anwer MK, Khan MR, Jawad M, Akram N, Faisal Z. Mechanical Properties of Protein-Based Food Packaging Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071724. [PMID: 37050337 PMCID: PMC10097132 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality and safety of food products greatly depend on the physiochemical properties of the food packaging material. There is an increasing trend in the utilization of protein-based biopolymers for the preparation of edible films and coating due to their film-forming properties. Various studies have reported the preparation of protein-based edible films with desirable mechanical and barrier properties. The mechanical attributes of the protein-based food packaging materials can be enhanced by incorporating various components in the film composition such as plasticizers, surfactants, crosslinkers, and various bioactive compounds, including antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. This review article summarizes the recent updates and perspective on the mechanical attributes such as Tensile Strength (TS), Elongation at Break (EAB), and Young’s Modulus (YM) of edible films based on different proteins from plants and animal sources. Moreover, the effects of composite materials such as other biopolymers, bioactive compounds, essential oils, and plasticizers on the mechanical properties of protein-based edible films are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Abbas Shah
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman; (Y.A.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman; (Y.A.S.); (M.J.)
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai 600077, India
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman; (Y.A.S.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.); (F.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.); (F.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahbubur Rahman Khan
- Department of Food Processing and Preservation, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh;
| | - Muhammad Jawad
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman; (Y.A.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Noor Akram
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.); (F.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Zargham Faisal
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
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Peng W, Sun F, Liang Y, Kang J, Chen J, Wang W, Cao Y, Xiang M. Exploring the Effects of MXene on Nonisothermal Crystallization and Melting Behavior of β-Nucleated Isotactic Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3815. [PMID: 34771377 PMCID: PMC8587744 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, one of the commonly used MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and β nucleated isotactic polypropylene (β-iPP)/MXene composites of different compositions were fabricated. The effects of MXene on non-isothermal crystallization and polymorphic behavior of β-iPP/MXene composites were comparatively studied. The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics indicates that for all samples, the lower cooling rates promote composites to crystallize at higher temperatures. When MXene and β-Nucleating agent (β-NA) are added separately, the crystallization temperature of composites shifts towards higher temperatures at all cooling rates. When MXene and β-NA are added simultaneously, the composite shows different cooling rate dependence, and the effects of improving crystallization temperatures is more obvious under rapid cooling. The activation energy of four samples iPP, iPP/MXene, iPP/β-NA, and iPP/MXene/β-NA were -167.5, -185.5, -233.8, and -218.1 kJ/mol respectively, which agree with the variation tendency of crystallization temperatures. The polymorphic behavior analysis obtained from Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) is affected by two factors: the ability to form β-crystals and the thermal stability of β-crystals. Because β-crystals tend to recrystallize to α-crystals below a critical temperature, to eliminate the effect of β-α recrystallization, the melting curves at end temperatures Tend = 50 °C and Tend = 100 °C are comparatively studied. The results show that more thermally unstable β-crystals would participate in β-α recrystallization with higher cooling rates. Moreover, thermal stability of β-crystals is improved by adding MXene. To further verify these findings, samples of three different thermal conditions were synthesized and analyzed by DSC, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Polarized Light Optical Microscopy (PLOM), and the results were consistent with the above findings. New understandings of synthesizing β-iPP/MXene composites with adjustable morphologies and polymorphic behavior were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.L.); (J.K.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Furui Sun
- Science and Technology on Advanced Functional Composites Laboratory, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China;
| | - Yuke Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.L.); (J.K.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.L.); (J.K.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Jinyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.L.); (J.K.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Functional Composites Laboratory, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China;
| | - Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.L.); (J.K.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Ming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.L.); (J.K.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
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Peng W, Kang J, Song X, Zhang Y, Hu B, Cao Y, Xiang M. Investigation on the Effects of MXene and β-Nucleating Agent on the Crystallization Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2931. [PMID: 34502971 PMCID: PMC8434311 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of MXene on the crystallization behavior of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were comparatively studied. The commonly used MXene Ti3C2Tx was prepared by selective etching and its structure and morphology were studied in detail. Then MXene and a rare earth β-nucleating agent (NA) WBG-II were nucleated with iPP to prepare samples with different polymorphic compositions. The crystallization, melting behavior, and morphologies of neat iPP, iPP/MXene, iPP/WBG-II, and iPP/MXene/WBG-II were comparatively studied. The crystallization behavior analysis reveals that a competitive relationship exists between MXene and WBG-II when they were compounded as α and β nucleating agents. In the system, the β-nucleation efficiency (NE) of WBG-II is higher than α-NE of MXene. The β-phase has relatively low thermal stability and would transform to α-phase when cooled below a critical temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Xiuduo Song
- Key Laboratory of Combustion and Explosion Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Dongfang Electric Machinery Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China; (Y.Z.); (B.H.)
| | - Bo Hu
- Dongfang Electric Machinery Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China; (Y.Z.); (B.H.)
| | - Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Ming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.P.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
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Weijiao Jiang, Song Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Hu B, Liang Z, Chen X, Chen Z, Kang J, Cao Y, Xiang M. Influences of Molecular Structure on the Non-Isothermal Crystallization Behavior of β-Nucleated Isotactic Polypropylene. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x20330032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Qin W, Liu K, Xin Z, Ling H, Zhou S, Zhao S. Zinc pimelate as an effective β‐nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene at elevated pressures and under rapid cooling rates. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State‐Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Kehua Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State‐Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State‐Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hao Ling
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State‐Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State‐Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Shicheng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State‐Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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