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Ramli NN, Kurniawan SB, Ighalo JO, Mohd Said NS, Marsidi N, Buhari J, Ramli Shah RA, Zulkifli M, Alias J, Daud NM, Ahmad J, Othman AR, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Abu Hasan H. A review of the treatment technologies for hexavalent chromium contaminated water. Biometals 2023; 36:1189-1219. [PMID: 37209220 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) present in the environment has exceeded the current limits or standards and thus may lead to biotic and abiotic catastrophes. Accordingly, several treatments, including chemical, biological, and physical approaches, are being used to reduce Cr(VI) waste in the surrounding environment. This study compares the Cr(VI) treatment approaches from several areas of science and their competence in Cr(VI) removal. As an effective combination of physical and chemical approaches, the coagulation-flocculation technique removes more than 98% of Cr(VI) in less than 30 min. Most membrane filtering approaches can remove up to 90% of Cr(VI). Biological approaches that involve the use of plants, fungi, and bacteria also successfully eliminate Cr(VI) but are difficult to scale up. Each of these approaches has its benefits and drawbacks, and their applicability is determined by the research aims. These approaches are also sustainable and environmentally benign, thus limiting their effects on the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Nadhirah Ramli
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický Mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, P. M. B., 5025, Nigeria
| | - Nor Sakinah Mohd Said
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuratiqah Marsidi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Junaidah Buhari
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Radhiatul Atiqah Ramli Shah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Zulkifli
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jahira Alias
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurull Muna Daud
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamilah Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Razi Othman
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassimi Abu Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tan KJ, Morikawa S, Hemmatifar A, Ozbek N, Liu Y, Hatton TA. Hydrophobicity Tuned Polymeric Redox Materials with Solution-Specific Electroactive Properties for Selective Electrochemical Metal Ion Recovery in Aqueous Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43859-43870. [PMID: 37695877 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Adaptable redox-active materials hold great potential for electrochemically mediated separation processes via targeted molecular recognition and reduced energy requirements. This work presents molecularly tunable vinylferrocene metallopolymers (P(VFc-co-X)) with modifiable operating potentials, charge storage capacities, capacity retentions, and analyte affinities in various electrolyte environments based on the hydrophobicity of X. The styrene (St) co-monomer impedes hydrophobic anions from ferrocene access, providing P(VFc-co-St) with specific response capabilities for and greatly improved cyclabilities in hydrophilic anions. This adjustable electrochemical stability enables preferential chromium and rhenium oxyanion separation from both hydrophobic and hydrophilic electrolytes that significantly surpasses capacitive removal by an order of magnitude, with a robust perrhenate uptake capacity of 329 mg/g VFc competitive with established metal-organic framework physisorbents and 17-fold selectivity over 20-fold excess nitrate. Pairing P(VFc-co-X) with other solution-specific electroactive macromolecules such as the pH-dependent poly(hydroquinone) (PHQ) and the cesium-selective nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) generates dual-functionalized electrosorption cells. P(VFc-co-X)//PHQ offers optimizable energetics based on X and pH for a substantial 4.6-fold reduction from 0.21 to 0.04 kWh/mol rhenium in acidic versus near-neutral media, and P(VFc-co-St)//NiHCF facilitates simultaneous extraction of rhenium, chromium, and cesium ions. Proof-of-concept reversible perrhenate separation in flow further highlights such frameworks as promising approaches for next-generation water purification technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jher Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Satoshi Morikawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ali Hemmatifar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nil Ozbek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yayuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Kanafi MA, Baghdadi M, Mehrdadi N. Detoxification of groundwater contaminated with Cr(VI) using continuous electrochemical cell equipped with copper foam electrode modified with palladium nanoparticles. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Tan KJ, Morikawa S, Ozbek N, Lenz M, Arlt CR, Tschöpe A, Franzreb M, Hatton TA. Redox Polyelectrolytes with pH-Sensitive Electroactive Functionality in Aqueous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2943-2956. [PMID: 36794996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A framework of ferrocene-containing polymers bearing adjustable pH- and redox-active properties in aqueous electrolyte environments was developed. The electroactive metallopolymers were designed to possess enhanced hydrophilicity compared to the vinylferrocene (VFc) homopolymer, poly(vinylferrocene) (PVFc), by virtue of the comonomer incorporated into the macromolecule, and could also be prepared as conductive nanoporous carbon nanotube (CNT) composites that offered a variety of different redox potentials spanning a ca. 300 mV range. The presence of charged non-redox-active moieties such as methacrylate (MA) in the polymeric structure endowed it with acid dissociation properties that interacted synergistically with the redox activity of the ferrocene moieties to impart pH-dependent electrochemical behavior to the overall polymer, which was subsequently studied and compared to several Nernstian relationships in both homogeneous and heterogeneous configurations. This zwitterionic characteristic was leveraged for the enhanced electrochemical separation of several transition metal oxyanions using a P(VFc0.63-co-MA0.37)-CNT polyelectrolyte electrode, which yielded an almost twofold preference for chromium as hydrogen chromate versus its chromate form, and also exemplified the electrochemically mediated and innately reversible nature of the separation process through the capture and release of vanadium oxyanions. These investigations into pH-sensitive redox-active materials provide insight for future developments in stimuli-responsive molecular recognition, with extendibility to areas such as electrochemical sensing and selective separation for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jher Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Morikawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Nil Ozbek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Magdalena Lenz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Carsten-René Arlt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - André Tschöpe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden-Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
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Mondal P, Mukherji S, Garg A. Performance of treatment schemes comprising chromium-hydrogen peroxide-based advanced oxidation process for textile wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:88089-88100. [PMID: 35829886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the performance of a chromium-based advanced oxidation process using chromium (as Cr3+ or Cr6+) and H2O2 for the treatment of synthetic and simulated textile wastewaters. With the Cr3+/H2O2 system, the maximum total organic carbon (TOC) and color removals from the synthetic dye wastewater (Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R dye concentration = 100 mg/L) were 75% and 99%, respectively, within 30 min duration ([Cr3+]:[H2O2] = 1:30, stoichiometric H2O2 dose = 2.01 ml/L and pH = 7). Whereas the same catalyst and oxidant combination resulted in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removals of ~ 46%, and 84%, respectively, after 3 h of reaction at the optimized reaction conditions (i.e., [Cr3+]:[H2O2] = 1:50, stoichiometric H2O2 dose = 11.6 ml/L and pH = 7) from the simulated textile wastewater (initial pH = 10.2, and COD = 1820 mg/L). Further, the addition of stoichiometric H2O2 dose to the pretreated wastewater and pH adjustment increased the overall COD removal to 77%. Both oxidation and precipitation reactions were found responsible for organics removal from the wastewater. The other alternative involving activated carbon adsorption as second step, was not found as effective as the above scheme. The data on COD removal from simulated textile wastewater could be fit adequately in the retarded first-order kinetic model. Based on the COD and color removal results and preliminary cost analysis, this can be suggested that the Cr3+/H2O2 oxidation process followed by pH adjustment and further H2O2 treatment was the best option for the removal of COD and color from the simulated combined textile wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Mondal
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anurag Garg
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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El-sayed AA, Aly HF. Adsorption behavior of chromium in an aqueous suspension of δ-alumina in absence and in presence of humic substances. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The radioisotope Cr-51 was exploited for studying the chromium adsorption behavior in aqueous media of alumina in aqueous media. Where, it represents 1.8% by weight and exists in earth’s crust in different forms. Factors affecting this adsorption behavior are pH, amount of alumina and humic acid presence. In case of pH adsorption curves, three different areas under peak can be described based on pH changes which lead to the formation of different species too. The first area is the maximum constant adsorption at pH, range 1–3, the second one is adsorption decreasing with increasing pH through pH range 4–7 and the third one is step-down adsorption at higher pH range. The increasing amount of alumina leads to increase in the percent adsorption, where 10 and 2 g/l alumina were found to have 100% while in case of 0.2 g/l it is 80%. The presence of humic acid decreases the adsorption of chromate with increasing pH to be 30% comparing to 80% in case of 0.2 g/l alumna at pH 2. This can be also indicated by adsorption capacity which is found to be 436.8 μg/g in case of 0.2 g alumina; and it decreases in presence of Humic Acid (HA) to 145.8 μg/g at same weight of alumina. Also, the equilibrium capacities are found as 54.6 μg/g for 2 g/l and 1.2 μg/g for 10 g/l. Triple layer model (TLM) was used for simulation of chromium adsorption behavior in presence of alumina with the applied conditions of study. The results showed high coincidence with the practically found data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A. El-sayed
- Department of Nuclear Fuel Chemistry , Hot Laboratory and Waste management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , P.C. 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hisham F. Aly
- Department of Nuclear Fuel Chemistry , Hot Laboratory and Waste management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , P.C. 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
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7
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Evaluation of kinetic parameters for oxidation of thioacids by benzimidazolium dichromate: A mechanistic study. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhong L, Li T, Zhang J, Chen S, Zhang D. A high-performance polymer hydrogel derived from konjac flying powder for removal of heavy metals. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural byproducts have excellent potential for pollutant remediation due to the low-cost and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tingcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, 443007, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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Kao CM, Chen SC, Liao ZY, Wen SS, Chien CC. Characterization of two chromate reducing bacteria isolated from heavy metal contaminated soil. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Matsena MT, Chirwa EMN. Comparative analysis of biological versus chemical synthesis of palladium nanoparticles for catalysis of chromium (VI) reduction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16674. [PMID: 34404829 PMCID: PMC8371006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discharge of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from several anthropogenic activities leads to environmental pollution. In this study, we explore a simple yet cost effective method for the synthesis of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles for the treatment of Cr(VI). The presence of elemental Pd [Pd(0)] was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). We show here that the biologically synthesized nanoparticles (Bio-PdNPs) exhibit improved catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) due to their size being smaller and also being highly dispersed as compared to chemically synthesized nanoparticles (Chem-PdNPs). The Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism was successfully used to model the kinetics. Using this model, the Bio-PdNPs were shown to perform better than Chem-PdNPs due to the rate constant (kbio = 6.37 mmol s−1 m−2) and Cr(VI) adsorption constant (KCr(VI),bio = 3.11 × 10−2 L mmol−1) of Bio-PdNPs being higher than the rate constant (kchem = 3.83 mmol s−1 m−2) and Cr(VI) adsorption constant (KCr(VI),chem = 1.14 × 10−2 L mmol−1) of Chem-PdNPs. In addition, product inhibition by trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] was high in Chem-PdNPs as indicated by the high adsorption constant of Cr(III) in Chem-PdNPs of KCr(III),chem = 52.9 L mmol−1 as compared to the one for Bio-PdNPs of KCr(III),bio = 2.76 L mmol−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpumelelo T Matsena
- Water Utilisation and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Evans M N Chirwa
- Water Utilisation and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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Veerakumar P, Lin KC. An overview of palladium supported on carbon-based materials: Synthesis, characterization, and its catalytic activity for reduction of hexavalent chromium. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126750. [PMID: 32302912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Palladium plays a pivotal role in most of the industrial heterogeneous catalysts, because of its unique properties such as well-defined structure, great intrinsic carrier, outstanding electronic, mechanical and thermal stability. The combination of palladium and various porous carbons (PCs) can widen the use of heterogeneous catalysts. This review highlights the advantages and limitations of carbon supported palladium-based heterogeneous catalyst in reduction of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). In addition, we address recent progress on synthesis routes for mono and bimetallic palladium nanoparticles supported by various carbon composites including graphene-based materials, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbons, and activated carbons. The related reaction mechanisms for the Cr(VI) reduction are also suggested. Finally, the challenge and perspective are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaimani Veerakumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - King-Chuen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
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Research on green technologies for immobilizing mercury in waste to minimize chemical footprint. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper is devoted to the use of the principles of green chemistry in the search for technologies to reduce the chemical footprints of areas. The chemical footprint for mercury and its compounds was taken as an example to study. These chemicals belong to priority pollutants and their ever-increasing amounts in the environment have caused concern around the world, which is reflected in the adoption of the Minamata Convention. The Minamata Convention aims to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic releases of mercury and mercury compounds. This Convention is an important component of efforts to achieve sustainable, inclusive and resilient human development through SDGs, which were adopted in September 2015 and especially SDG Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Relevancy of this work is due to the need for the adopting of a series of measures to withdraw some mercury-containing goods from the production cycle. Also, one of the most important statements of the Convention is in reference to the issue of mercury contamination when recycling mercury. An important aspect of the work described in this paper is the reduction of mercury pollution from mercury-containing waste products by the development of technology in accordance with the principles of green chemistry. These are energy-efficient and without waste -water discharge technology. The main result of this work is the fundamental research for a transformation of elemental mercury and its compounds into less dangerous forms for the human body and the environment, providing a guaranteed absence of mercury-containing waste in the atmosphere and water systems. Various conditions for reaction of the immobilization of metallic mercury in mercury-containing wastes were investigated and it was established that it proceeded best under the following conditions:
Reaction of metallic mercury with elementary sulfur;A ball mill is used as a reactor, which ensures constant updating of the contact area of the phases;For a good dispersion of mercury and for a relatively quick and complete reaction a large excess of sulfur up to 6500 % by stoichiometry (e.g. ratio of mercury:sulfur = 1:1.5 by weight) is necessary;The addition of a very small amount of water also has a positive effect (hydromodulus of Solid:Liquid = 3:1 by weight).
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