Surface-Induced in Situ Sonothermodynamically Controlled Functionalized Graphene Oxide for in Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Evaluations

Ultrasound technology assisted colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and biomedical applications

Non-invasive and high spatiotemporal resolution mythologies for the diagnosis and treatment of disease in clinical medicine promote the development of modern medicine. Ultrasound (US) technology provides a non-invasive, real-time, and cost-effective clinical imaging modality, which plays a significant role in chemical synthesis and clinical translation, especially in in vivo imaging and cancer therapy. On the one hand, the US treatment is usually accompanied by cavitation, leading to high temperature and pressure, so-called "hot spot", playing a significant role in sonochemical-based colloidal synthesis. Compared with the classical nucleation synthetic method, the sonochemical synthesis strategy presents high efficiency for the fabrication of colloidal nanocrystals due to its fast nucleation and growth procedure. On the other hand, the US is attractive for in vivo and medical treatment, with applications increasing with the development of novel contrast agents, such as the micro and nano bubbles, which are widely used in neuromodulation, with which the US can breach the blood-brain barrier temporarily and safely, opening a new door to neuromodulation and therapy. In terms of cancer treatment, sonodynamic therapy and US-assisted synergetic therapy show great effects against cancer and sonodynamic immunotherapy present unparalleled potentiality compared with other synergetic therapies. Further development of ultrasound technology can revolutionize both chemical synthesis and clinical translation by improving efficiency, precision, and accessibility while reducing environmental impact and enhancing patient care. In this paper, we review the US-assisted sonochemical synthesis and biological applications, to promote the next generation US technology-assisted applications.

Study of molar properties of GO after doping with transition metals for photodegradation of fluorescent dyes

We synthesized graphene oxide (GO) doped with transition metal ions and characterized it using XPS, FT-IR, TGA/DTG, XRD, SEM, AFM, ICP-OES, UV/vis, and Raman spectroscopy. An intrinsic viscosity [η] of 0.002-0.012 g% @ 0.002 aq-GO was determined for viscosity average molecular weight (M _v) of GO at 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K. Mark-Houwink (M-H) constants k (cm³ g^-1) and a (cm³ mol g^-2) were calculated for 5-15 mg/100 mL polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), using 29, 40, 55 kg mol^-1 as markers for calculating M _v by fitting the [η] to the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation (MHSE). We obtained 48 134.19 g mol^-1 M _v at 298.15 K, and the apparent molar (V _{ϕ m} , cm³ mol^-1), limiting molar volumes (V ⁰ _GO)_GO⃑0, enthalpy (ΔH _m, J mol^-1), entropy (ΔS _m, J mol^-1 K^-1), viscosity (η _m, mPa s mol^-1), surface tension (γ _m, mN m^-1 mol^-1), friccohesity (σ _m, scm^-1 mol^-1), fractional volume (ϕ _m, cm³ mol^-1), isentropic compressibility (K _sϕ,m, 10^-4 cm s² g^-1 mol), infer GO molar consistency throughout the chemical processes. Molar properties (MPs) infer a GO monodispersion producing negative electrons (e^-) and positive holes (h⁺) under sunlight. The transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺, TMI) doped onto GO (TMI-GO), can photodegrade methylene blue (MB) in 60 min compared with 120 min using GO alone. The 4011 C atoms, 688 hexagonal sheets, 222 π-conjugations, and 4011 FE were calculated from the 48 134.19 g mol^-1. The functional edges are the negative and positive holes generating centres of the GO 2D sheets.

Ultrasound accelerated near-edge functionalized heterogeneous graphene oxide sonocatalyst for surface optical bandwidth efficacy and in situ sonothermocatalysis

Ultrasound-accelerated optically active heterogeneous catalyst and sonochemical time driven thermodynamic dye catalysis.

Sonochemical synthesis of novel C60 fullerene 1,4-oxathiane derivative through the intermediate fullerene radical anion

We have discovered a selective and efficient method for the synthesis of previously unknown 1,9-(1',4'-oxathiano)-1,9-dihydro-(C₆₀-I_h)[5,6]fullerene, a compound with the direct attachment of the sulfur atom to the fullerene core. The method is based on the reaction of C₆₀ with 1,2-hydroxythiols in the presence of inorganic bases in air under ultrasonication. The significance of ultrasound has been exemplified with the comparative conventional methods. The title compound has been identified with mass-(MALDI TOF/TOF), one- and two-dimensional NMR ¹H and ¹³C (COSY, HSQC, HMBS), IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. Using the direct EPR method, we have detected radical anion C₆₀^- (g = 2.0046 and ΔH = 2 G) as a key reaction intermediate of the sonochemical reaction. Based on the experimental results and quantum chemical calculations, we have proposed a mechanism for the conversion of C₆₀ and 2-mercaptoethanol to the C₆₀-1,4-oxathiane adduct.