1
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Zhao X, Verma R, Sridhara MB, Sharath Kumar KS. Fluorinated azoles as effective weapons in fight against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its SAR studies. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106975. [PMID: 37992426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its difficult-to-treat skin and filmsy diseases are making MRSA a threat to human life. The most dangerous feature is the fast emergence of MRSA resistance to all recognized antibiotics, including vancomycin. The creation of novel, effective, and non-toxic drug candidates to combat MRSA isolates is urgently required. Fluorine containing small molecules have taken a centre stage in the field of drug development. Over the last 50 years, there have been a growing number of fluorinated compounds that have been approved since the clinical usage of fluorinated corticosteroids in the 1950 s and fluoroquinolones in the 1980 s. Due to its advantages in terms of potency and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), fluoro-pharmaceuticals have been regarded as a potent and useful tool in the rational drug design method. The flexible bioactive fluorinated azoles are ideal candidates for the development of new antibiotics. This review summarizes the decade developments of fluorinated azole derivatives with a wide antibacterial activity against diverged MRSA strains. In specific, we correlated the efficacy of structurally varied fluorinated azole analogues including thiazole, benzimidazole, oxadiazole and pyrazole against MRSA and discussed different angles of structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Zhao
- Energy Engineering College, Yulin University, Yulin City-719000, P. R. China
| | - Rameshwari Verma
- School of New Energy, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - M B Sridhara
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi 591156, India
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2
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Alam MA. Pyrazole: an emerging privileged scaffold in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:2011-2023. [PMID: 37933613 PMCID: PMC10652296 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole or 1H-pyrazole, a five-membered 1,2-diazole, is found in several approved drugs and some bioactive natural products. A myriad number of derivatives of this small molecule have been reported in clinical and preclinical studies for the potential treatment of several diseases. The number of drugs containing a pyrazole nucleus has increased significantly in the last 10 years. Some of the best-selling drugs in this class are ibrutinib, ruxolitinib, axitinib, niraparib and baricitinib, and are used to treat different types of cancers; lenacapavir to treat HIV; riociguat to treat pulmonary hypertension; and sildenafil to treat erectile dysfunction. Several aniline-derived pyrazole compounds have been reported as potent antibacterial agents with selective activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Here, we discuss the pyrazole-derived drugs reported up to September 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abrar Alam
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, College of Sciences & Mathematics, Arkansas State University Jonesboro, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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3
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Sabt A, Abdelraof M, Hamissa MF, Noamaan MA. Antibacterial Activity of Quinoline-Based Derivatives against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Design, Synthesis, DFT and Molecular Dynamic Simulations. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300804. [PMID: 37933986 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial virulence becomes a significant challenge for clinical treatments, particularly those characterized as Multi-Drug-Resistant (MDR) strains. Therefore, the preparation of new compounds with active moieties could be a successful approach for eradication of MDR strains. For this purpose, newly synthesized quinoline compounds were prepared and tested for their antimicrobial activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (PA). Among the synthesized derivatives, compounds 1-(quinolin-2-ylamino)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (8) and 2-(2-((5-methylfuran-2-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl)quinoline (12) were shown to possess the highest antimicrobial activity with the minimum inhibitory concentration with the values of 5±2.2 and10±1.5 μg/mL towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa without any activity towards MRSA. Interestingly, compounds 2-(2-((1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl)quinoline (13) and 2-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(quinolin-2-ylamino)thiazolidin-4-one (16c) showed significant inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compound 13 (with indole moiety) particularly displayed excellent bactericidal activity with low MIC values 20±3.3 and 10±1.5 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Effects molecular modelling was used to determine the mode of action for the antimicrobial effect. The stability of complexes formed by docking and target-ligand pairing was evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations. The compounds were also tested for binding affinity to the target protein using MM-PBSA. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations were also used to investigate the electrochemical properties of various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sabt
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelraof
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Center (NRC), 33 El Behouth St., Giza P.O., 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Farouk Hamissa
- Department of Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mahmoud A Noamaan
- Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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4
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Roy S, Kc HR, Roberts J, Hastings J, Gilmore DF, Shields RC, Alam MA. Development and Antibacterial Properties of 4-[4-(Anilinomethyl)-3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl]benzoic Acid Derivatives as Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13622-13645. [PMID: 37729113 PMCID: PMC10591900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A number of novel pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized, and several of these compounds are potent antibacterial agents with minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 0.5 μg/mL. Human cell lines were tolerant to these lead compounds, and they showed negligible hemolytic effects at high concentrations. These bactericidal compounds are very effective against bacterial growth in both planktonic and biofilm contexts. Various techniques were applied to show the inhibition of biofilm growth and eradication of preformed biofilms by lead compounds. Potent compounds are more effective against persisters than positive controls. In vivo studies revealed that lead compounds are effective in rescuing C. elegans from bacterial infections. Several methods were applied to determine the mode of action including membrane permeability assay and SEM micrograph studies. Furthermore, CRISPRi studies led to the determination of these compounds as fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Hansa Raj Kc
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Justin Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Jared Hastings
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - David F Gilmore
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Robert C Shields
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
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5
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Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics threatens our progress in healthcare, modern medicine, food production and ultimately life expectancy. Antibiotic resistance is a global concern, which spreads rapidly across borders and continents due to rapid travel of people, animals and goods. Derivatives of metabolically stable pyrazole nucleus are known for their wide range of pharmacological properties, including antibacterial activities. This review highlights recent reports of pyrazole derivatives targeting different bacterial strains focusing on the drug-resistant variants. Pyrazole derivatives target different metabolic pathways of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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6
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Effect of methylpyrazoles and coumarin association on the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:160. [PMID: 35113268 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
One approach to overcome the antimicrobial resistance of many pathogens is to associate compounds with antimicrobial properties and obtain combinations superior compared to the effect of each compound. To identify a possible potentiating effect, we tested and analyzed the inhibitory effect of the combination of coumarin with two pyrazole derivatives, 1,1'-methandiylbis (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (AM4) and 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) methanol 3,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxymethylpyrazol (SAM4). A clear synergistic effect was recorded when coumarin was associated with SAM4, in which case the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) had a value equal to 0.468 for Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, and E. coli. In the other cases, however, both the association between coumarin and AM4 and coumarin SAM4 had only an additive effect (FICI = 0.937-1.00). The bactericidal effect of the coumarin-pyrazole combination over time was better in all cases compared to the effect of the compounds used separately. The viability of the bacterial cells at sub-inhibitory concentrations of the tested compounds was variable, depending on both the type of compound and the bacterial strain.
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7
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Novel pyrazoles as potent growth inhibitors of staphylococci, enterococci and Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:233-244. [PMID: 34877890 PMCID: PMC8890138 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Acinetobacter baumannii cause serious antibiotic-resistant infections. Finding new antibiotics to treat these infections is imperative for combating this worldwide menace. Methods & Results: In this study, the authors designed and synthesized potent antimicrobial agents using 4-trifluoromethylphenyl-substituted pyrazole derivatives. In addition to their potency against planktonic bacteria, potent compounds effectively eradicated S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Human cells tolerated these compounds with good selectivity factors. Furthermore, the authors provide evidence for the mode of action of compounds based on time-kill kinetics, flow cytometry analysis of propidium iodide-treated bacteria and oxygen uptake studies. Conclusion: This study demonstrated 20 novel compounds with potent antibacterial activity that are tolerated by human cell lines.
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8
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Saleh I, Raj Kc H, Roy S, Abugazleh MK, Ali H, Gilmore D, Alam MA. Design, synthesis, and antibacterial activity of N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituted pyrazole derivatives. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1690-1697. [PMID: 34778770 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Design and synthesis of N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituted pyrazole derivatives and their potency as antimicrobial agents are described. Several of these novel compounds are effective growth inhibitors of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria and prevent the development of biofilms by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis. These compounds eradicated the preformed biofilms effectively and were found to be more effective than the control antibiotic vancomycin. Potent compounds showed low toxicity to cultured human embryonic kidney cells with a selectivity factor of >20. The most promising compound is very potent against meropenem, oxacillin, and vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium. Investigations into the mode of action by performing macromolecular synthesis inhibition studies showed a broad range of inhibitory effects, suggesting targets that have a global effect on bacterial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University Jonesboro AR 72467 USA
| | - Hansa Raj Kc
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University Jonesboro AR 72467 USA
| | - Subrata Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University Jonesboro AR 72467 USA
| | - Mohd Kotaiba Abugazleh
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University Jonesboro AR 72467 USA
| | - Hashim Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University Jonesboro AR 72467 USA
| | - David Gilmore
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University Jonesboro AR 72467 USA
| | - Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University Jonesboro AR 72467 USA
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9
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Alkhaibari IS, Raj K C H, Alnufaie R, Gilmore D, Alam MA. Synthesis of Chimeric Thiazolo-Nootkatone Derivatives as Potent Antimicrobial Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2628-2637. [PMID: 33955181 PMCID: PMC8429137 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nootkatone, an approved insecticide, is a well-known natural product from grapefruit. A series of fused-thiazole derivatives of nootkatone have been synthesized, and these new compounds were tested against several strains of bacteria. Some of these compounds are found to be potent antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 1.56 μg/mL. The lead compound is bactericidal and very potent against S. aureus persisters. These compounds are nontoxic to human cancer cell lines at 10 μm concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Alkhaibari
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, 72467, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Hansa Raj K C
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, 72467, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Rawan Alnufaie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, 72467, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - David Gilmore
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, 72467, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, 72467, Jonesboro, AR, USA
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10
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Synthesis of 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl-Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives as Potent Growth Inhibitors of Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165083. [PMID: 34443670 PMCID: PMC8398255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are among the menacing bacterial pathogens. Novel antibiotics are urgently needed to tackle these antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. This article reports the design, synthesis, and antimicrobial studies of 30 novel pyrazole derivatives. Most of the synthesized compounds are potent growth inhibitors of planktonic Gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concertation (MIC) values as low as 0.25 µg/mL. Further studies led to the discovery of several lead compounds, which are bactericidal and potent against MRSA persisters. Compounds 11, 28, and 29 are potent against S. aureus biofilms with minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values as low as 1 µg/mL.
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11
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Marinescu M. Synthesis of Antimicrobial Benzimidazole-Pyrazole Compounds and Their Biological Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1002. [PMID: 34439052 PMCID: PMC8389006 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral properties is a central objective today in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Benzimidazole and pyrazole compounds have remarkable biological properties, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, antiulcer, antidiabetic. Moreover, recent literature mentions the syntheses and antimicrobial properties of some benzimidazole-pyrazole hybrids, as well as other biological properties thereof. In this review, we aim to review the methods of synthesis of these hybrids, the antimicrobial activities of the compounds, their correlation with various groups present on the molecule, as well as their pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Soseaua Panduri, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Chambers SA, Newman M, Frangie MM, Savenka AV, Basnakian AG, Alam MA. Antimelanoma activities of chimeric thiazole-androstenone derivatives. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210395. [PMID: 34430045 PMCID: PMC8355692 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of chimeric anti-melanoma agents is reported. These molecules are potent growth suppressors of melanoma cells in vitro with growth inhibition of 50% (GI50) values as low as 1.32 µM. Compounds were more toxic to melanoma cells in vitro than commonly used anti-melanoma agent dacarbazine as measured by TUNEL assay. They induced both caspase-independent apoptosis evident by colocalization of TUNEL with endonuclease G (EndoG) and caspase-mediated apoptosis measured by colocalization of TUNEL with caspase-activated DNase (CAD). In addition, compounds 3 and 5 strongly induced oxidative injury to melanoma cells as measured by TUNEL colocalization with heme oxygenase-1 (HO1). Dacarbazine induced only caspase-independent apoptosis, which may explain why it is less cytotoxic to melanoma cells than compounds 3, 4 and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Mathew Newman
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Melissa M. Frangie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Alena V. Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alexei. G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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13
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4-4-(Anilinomethyl)-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-1-ylbenzoic acid derivatives as potent anti-gram-positive bacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113402. [PMID: 33845234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A collection of potent antimicrobials consisting of novel 1,3-bis-benzoic acid and trifluoromethyl phenyl derived pyrazoles has been synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity. The majority of trifluoromethyl phenyl derivatives are highly potent growth inhibitors of Gram-positive bacteria and showed low toxicity to human cultured cells. In particular, two compounds (59 and 74) were selected for additional studies. These compounds are highly effective against Staphylococcus aureus as shown by a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), a bactericidal effect in time-kill assays, moderate inhibition of biofilm formation as well as biofilm destruction, and a bactericidal effect against stationary phase cells representing non-growing persister cells. Multistep resistance assays showed a very low tendency for S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis to develop resistance through mutation. Additionally, in vivo mouse model studies showed no harmful effects at doses up to 50 mg/kg using 14 blood plasma organ toxicity markers or TUNEL assay in liver and kidney. Investigations into the mode of action by performing macromolecular synthesis inhibition studies showed a broad range of inhibitory effects, suggesting targets that have a global effect on bacterial cell function.
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14
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Alnufaie R, Ali MA, Alkhaibari IS, Roy S, Day VW, Alam MA. Benign Synthesis of Fused-thiazoles with Enone-based Natural Products and Drugs for Lead Discovery. NEW J CHEM 2021; 45:6001-6017. [PMID: 33840994 DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to synthesize a library of bioactive molecules, we present an efficient synthesis of fused-thiazole derivatives of natural products and approved drugs by using an environmentally usable solvent, acetic acid, and without any external reagent. Cholestenone, ethisterone, progesterone, and nootkatone-derived epoxyketones have been utilized to synthesize 50 novel compounds. The plausible mechanism of the reaction has been determined by theoretical calculation using M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p). These novel molecules have been tested against cancer cell lines and pathogenic bacterial strains. Several ethisterone-based fused-thiazole compounds are found to be potent growth inhibitors of cancer cell lines at submicromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Alnufaie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Mohamad Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim S Alkhaibari
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Subrata Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Victor W Day
- Department of Chemistry, Integrated Science Building, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66046, United States
| | - Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
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15
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Pyrazole-based analogs as potential antibacterial agents against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its SAR elucidation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113134. [PMID: 33395624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming lethal to humanity due to easy transmission and difficult-to-treat skin and flimsy diseases. The most threatening aspect is the rapid resistance development of MRSA to any approved antibiotics, including vancomycin. The development of new, efficient, and nontoxic drug candidate to fight against MRSA isolates is the need of the hour. The intriguing molecular structure and versatile bioactive pyrazole core attracting to development required novel antibiotics. This review presents the decade developments of pyrazole-containing derivatives with a broad antibacterial movement against diverged bacterial strains. In specific, we correlated the efficacy of structurally diversified pyrazole analogs against MRSA and discussed different angles of structure-activity relationship (SAR). The current survey highlights pyrazole hybrids' present scenario on MRSA studies, covering articles published from 2011 to 2020. This collective information may become an excellent platform to plan and develop new pyrazole-based small MRSA growth inhibitors with minimal side effects.
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16
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Delancey E, Allison D, KC HR, Gilmore DF, Fite T, Basnakian AG, Alam MA. Synthesis of 4,4'-(4-Formyl-1 H-pyrazole-1,3-diyl)dibenzoic Acid Derivatives as Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics for the Potential Treatment of Acinetobacter Baumannii Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100650. [PMID: 32998384 PMCID: PMC7601628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the most lethal drug-resistant bacteria in recent years. We report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 25 new pyrazole-derived hydrazones. Some of these molecules are potent and specific inhibitors of A. baumannii strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value as low as 0.78 µg/mL. These compounds are non-toxic to mammalian cell lines in in vitro studies. Furthermore, one of the potent molecules has been studied for possible in vivo toxicity in the mouse model and found to be non-toxic based on the effect on 14 physiological blood markers of organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Delancey
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA; (E.D.); (D.A.); (H.R.K.)
| | - Devin Allison
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA; (E.D.); (D.A.); (H.R.K.)
| | - Hansa Raj KC
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA; (E.D.); (D.A.); (H.R.K.)
| | - David F. Gilmore
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA;
| | - Todd Fite
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (A.G.B.)
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, W. 7th St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (A.G.B.)
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, W. 7th St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA; (E.D.); (D.A.); (H.R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-870-972-3319
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Design and synthesis of 4-[4-formyl-3-(2-naphthyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid derivatives as potent growth inhibitors of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:818-827. [PMID: 32601342 PMCID: PMC7655718 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of a new series of naphthyl-substituted pyrazole-derived hydrazones. Many of these novel compounds are potent growth inhibitors of several strains of drug-resistant bacteria. These potent compounds have inclined growth inhibitory properties for planktonic Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, and its drug-resistant variants with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as low as 0.78 and 1.56 μg/mL respectively. These compounds also show potent activity against S. aureus and A. baumannii biofilm formation and eradication properties. Time Kill Assay shows that these compounds are bactericidal for S. aureus and bacteriostatic for A. baumannii. The probable mode of action is the disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. Furthermore, potent compounds are nontoxic to human cell lines at several fold higher concentrations than the MICs.
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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Coumarin-Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives as Potent Anti- Staphylococcus aureus Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122758. [PMID: 32549248 PMCID: PMC7356691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 31 novel coumarin-substituted pyrazole derivatives are reported. Some of these compounds have shown potent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as low as 3.125 µg/mL. These molecules are equally potent at inhibiting the development of MRSA biofilm and the destruction of preformed biofilm. These results are very significant as MRSA strains have emerged as one of the most menacing pathogens of humans and this bacterium is bypassing HIV in terms of fatality rate.
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