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Amin MF, Anwar A, Gnida P, Jarząbek B. Polymers Containing Phenothiazine, Either as a Dopant or as Part of Their Structure, for Dye-Sensitized and Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2309. [PMID: 39204529 PMCID: PMC11360421 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Potential photovoltaic technology includes the newly developed dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Owing to their diverse qualities, polymers can be employed in third-generation photovoltaic cells to specifically alter their device elements and frameworks. Polymers containing phenothiazine, either as a part of their structure or as a dopant, are easy and economical to synthesize, are soluble in common organic solvents, and have the potential to acquire desired electrochemical and photophysical properties by mere tuning of their chemical structures. Such polymers have therefore been used either as photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, where they have produced power conversion efficiency (PCE) values as high as 5.30%, or as donor or acceptor materials in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Furthermore, they have been employed to prepare liquid-free polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized and bulk heterojunction solar cells, producing a PCE of 8.5% in the case of DSSCs. This paper reviews and analyzes almost all research works published to date on phenothiazine-based polymers and their uses in dye-sensitized and bulk heterojunction solar cells. The impacts of their structure and molecular weight and the amount when used as a dopant in other polymers on the absorption, photoluminescence, energy levels of frontier orbitals, and, finally, photovoltaic parameters are reviewed. The advantages of phenothiazine polymers for solar cells, the difficulties in their actual implementation and potential remedies are also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Amin
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Amna Anwar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Paweł Gnida
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Bożena Jarząbek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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Luponosov YN, Solodukhin AN, Chuyko IA, Peregudova SM, Ponomarenko SA. Highly electrochemically and thermally stable donor–π–acceptor triphenylamine-based hole-transporting homopolymers via oxidative polymerization. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01758j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymers combining high electrochemical and thermal stability, good solubility, high Tg and high coke residue with low-lying HOMO levels and reasonable hole mobilities in thin films are reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy N. Luponosov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Solodukhin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Irina A. Chuyko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Svetlana M. Peregudova
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Ponomarenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
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Zhang Y, Li R, Chang L, Ma Y, Hou Y, Niu H. Electropolymerization of Thiophene‐Based Monomers with Different Spatial Structures: The Impact of Monomer Structure on Electrochromic Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for HighEfficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for HighEfficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Lijing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for HighEfficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Yang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for HighEfficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for HighEfficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Haijun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
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Liu J, Luo Y, Li L, Wang G, Wang X, Chen Y, Liu B. Photovoltaic Performance of 4,8-Bis(2'-ethylhexylthiophene)thieno[2,3- f]benzofuran-Based Dyes Fabricated with Different Donors in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12440-12450. [PMID: 32548429 PMCID: PMC7271381 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thieno[2,3-f]benzofuran (BDF) has the advantages of a highly planarized structure, strong electron-donating ability, high hole mobility, good conjugation, and a wide spectral response range. In recent years, BDF has been widely used in organic solar cells, especially in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. In this work, a model molecule PSB-1 was synthesized based on this highly planar fragment and used as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), then different aromatic amine donors such as triphenylamine (TPA), carbazole (CZ), and phenothiazine (PTZ) were introduced to the end of PSB-1, and a series of dyes PSB-2, PSB-3, and PSB-4 were designed and synthesized. After that, the relationship among the molecular structure, energy level, and photovoltaic performance of the benzo-[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) dye was studied by theoretical calculations, photophysics, electrochemistry, and photovoltaic properties. The results show that the introduction of a strong donor can effectively improve the energy level, absorption spectrum, and photovoltaic performance of PSB-1. Through the preliminary test, we found that the energy conversion efficiency (photovoltaic conversion efficiency-PCE) of PSB-4 is up to 5.5%, which is nearly 90% higher than that of PSB-1 (PCE = 2.9%), while the introduction of a weak donor greatly weakens the effect, in which the PCE of PSB-3 is 3.5%, which is only 20% higher than that of the model molecule. By an analysis of the molecular frontier orbital distribution using theoretical calculations, we found that the electron cloud of the highest occupied orbital level (highest occupied molecular orbital-HOMO) of PSB-3 is mainly distributed on the BDF group so that the electron transfer of excited-state molecules mainly occurs from the BDF to the receptor (CA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- College
of Chemsitry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater
Reuse Technology, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
| | - Yun Luo
- College
of Chemsitry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
| | - Lang Li
- Nanjing
Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- College
of Chemsitry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater
Reuse Technology, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College
of Chemsitry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater
Reuse Technology, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
| | - Yuandao Chen
- College
of Chemsitry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater
Reuse Technology, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- College
of Chemsitry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Treatment Functional Materials, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
- Hunan
Province Engineering Research Center of Electroplating Wastewater
Reuse Technology, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, P. R. China
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Chang YL, Wei TC, Liu YL. Electrochemical activation of polymer chains mediated with radical transfer reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2626-2629. [PMID: 32016254 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a general and effective approach to activate inert polymer chains for further reactions through electrochemically driven radical generation and radical transfer reactions. The generated radical-containing polymer chains show capacity for further polymer reactions and preparation of polymer hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, #101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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