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Chen Z, Zhou B, Xiao M, Bhowmick T, Karthick Kannan P, Occhipinti LG, Gardner JW, Hasan T. Real-time, noise and drift resilient formaldehyde sensing at room temperature with aerogel filaments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk6856. [PMID: 38335291 PMCID: PMC10857368 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen, is a common indoor air pollutant. However, its real-time and selective recognition from interfering gases remains challenging, especially for low-power sensors suffering from noise and baseline drift. We report a fully 3D-printed quantum dot/graphene-based aerogel sensor for highly sensitive and real-time recognition of formaldehyde at room temperature. By optimizing the morphology and doping of printed structures, we achieve a record-high and stable response of 15.23% for 1 part per million formaldehyde and an ultralow detection limit of 8.02 parts per billion consuming only ∼130-microwatt power. On the basis of measured dynamic response snapshots, we also develop intelligent computational algorithms for robust and accurate detection in real time despite simulated substantial noise and baseline drift, hitherto unachievable for room temperature sensors. Our framework in combining materials engineering, structural design, and computational algorithm to capture dynamic response offers unprecedented real-time identification capabilities of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Binghan Zhou
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Tynee Bhowmick
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | | | - Luigi G. Occhipinti
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | | | - Tawfique Hasan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
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2
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Lesego M, Ndinteh DT, Ndungu P, Mamo MA. Zeolitic imidazolate framework as humidity-resistant solid state-chemiresistive gas sensors: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22329. [PMID: 38034700 PMCID: PMC10687067 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With significant technological advances, solid-state gas sensors have been extensively applied to detect toxic gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in confined areas such as indoor environments and industries and to identify gas leakage. Semiconductor metal oxides are the primary sensing materials, although their major drawbacks include a lack of sensitivity, poor performance at high humidity, and operating at high temperatures ranging between 140 and 400 °C. Recently, the use of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) in gas sensors has received considerable attention as a promising material to overcome the drawbacks possessed by semiconductor metal oxide-based gas sensors. Because of their unique properties, including size tunability, high surface area, and stability in humidity, ZIF becomes a preferred candidate for sensing materials. The use of ZIF materials in gas sensors is limited because of their high-temperature operation and low gas responses. This review outlines the strategies and developments in the utilization of ZIF-based materials in gas sensing. The significant influence of the addition of carbon additives in ZIF materials for temperature operation sensors is discussed. Finally, ZIF-carbon additives and SMO@ZIFs/carbon additives are the proposed materials to be studied for future prospects for the detection of VOCs at low temperatures and exhibiting good selectivity towards the gas of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malepe Lesego
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Derek T. Ndinteh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick Ndungu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Messai A. Mamo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
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3
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Pathak AK, Swargiary K, Kongsawang N, Jitpratak P, Ajchareeyasoontorn N, Udomkittivorakul J, Viphavakit C. Recent Advances in Sensing Materials Targeting Clinical Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Biomarkers: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:114. [PMID: 36671949 PMCID: PMC9855562 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In general, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a high vapor pressure at room temperature (RT). It has been reported that all humans generate unique VOC profiles in their exhaled breath which can be utilized as biomarkers to diagnose disease conditions. The VOCs available in exhaled human breath are the products of metabolic activity in the body and, therefore, any changes in its control level can be utilized to diagnose specific diseases. More than 1000 VOCs have been identified in exhaled human breath along with the respiratory droplets which provide rich information on overall health conditions. This provides great potential as a biomarker for a disease that can be sampled non-invasively from exhaled breath with breath biopsy. However, it is still a great challenge to develop a quick responsive, highly selective, and sensitive VOC-sensing system. The VOC sensors are usually coated with various sensing materials to achieve target-specific detection and real-time monitoring of the VOC molecules in the exhaled breath. These VOC-sensing materials have been the subject of huge interest and extensive research has been done in developing various sensing tools based on electrochemical, chemoresistive, and optical methods. The target-sensitive material with excellent sensing performance and capturing of the VOC molecules can be achieved by optimizing the materials, methods, and its thickness. This review paper extensively provides a detailed literature survey on various non-biological VOC-sensing materials including metal oxides, polymers, composites, and other novel materials. Furthermore, this review provides the associated limitations of each material and a summary table comparing the performance of various sensing materials to give a better insight to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Pathak
- International School of Engineering (ISE), Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kankan Swargiary
- International School of Engineering (ISE), Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuntaporn Kongsawang
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pannathorn Jitpratak
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Noppasin Ajchareeyasoontorn
- International School of Engineering (ISE), Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jade Udomkittivorakul
- International School of Engineering (ISE), Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Charusluk Viphavakit
- International School of Engineering (ISE), Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Homayoonnia S, Phani A, Kim S. MOF/MWCNT-Nanocomposite Manipulates High Selectivity to Gas via Different Adsorption Sites with Varying Electron Affinity: A Study in Methane Detection in Parts-per-Billion. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3846-3856. [PMID: 36507663 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) present specific adsorption sites with varying electron affinity which are uniquely conducive to selective gas sensing but are typically large-band-gap insulators. On the contrary, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) exhibit superior mesoscopic transport exploiting strong electron correlations among sub-bands below and above the Fermi level at room temperature. We synergize them in a new class of nanocomposites based on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and report selective sensing of CH4 in ∼10 parts-per-billion (ppb) with a determined limit of detection of ∼0.22 ppb, hitherto unprecedented. The observed selectivity to CH4 over non-polar CO2, polar volatile organic compounds, and moisture has roots in competing electron-sharing mechanisms at its different adsorption sites. This important result provides a significant reference to guide future MOF-related composite research to achieve the best sensing performance. On molecular adsorption, MWCNTs facilitate electrical transport via manipulating the ZIF-8 band gap to show a p-type semiconductor behavior with lower activation energy to induce a measurable resistance change. Excellent repeatability and reversibility are shown. A carbon-engineered MOF composite has the potential to actuate similar selective response to low reactive gases via carrier manipulation in the energy band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Homayoonnia
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arindam Phani
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Seonghwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Lin YC, Lin PY, Hsieh SL, Tsai CY, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Kirankumar R, Dong CD, Chen CW, Hsieh S. Quantum dot assisted precise and sensitive fluorescence-based formaldehyde detection in food samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 283:121729. [PMID: 35985226 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde has an extremely reactive carbonyl group, commonly used as an antibacterial agent to sterilize and prevent food to spoil. This article describes an efficient and rapid detection method of formaldehyde from an aqueous solution by synthesizing 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) quantum dots (Nano A) which react with formaldehyde to generate a Schiff base reaction. The photoinduced electron transfer produced by the quantum dots themselves results in fluorescence quenching to detect formaldehyde. The detection limit can reach 10-9 M, and it can further be used to detect formaldehyde content in foods, such as baby vegetables, mushrooms, and vermicelli among other daily foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Shuchen Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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6
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Effect of Temperature on Metal-Organic Frameworks Chemical Sensors Detection Properties. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chelu M, Chesler P, Anastasescu M, Hornoiu C, Mitrea D, Atkinson I, Brasoveanu C, Moldovan C, Craciun G, Gheorghe M, Gartner M. ZnO/NiO heterostructure-based microsensors used in formaldehyde detection at room temperature: Influence of the sensor operating voltage. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS 2022; 33:19998-20011. [PMID: 38625349 PMCID: PMC9364853 DOI: 10.1007/s10854-022-08818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere have increased dramatically with rapid development of urbanization and industry. This led to a large decline in air quality around the world, which resulted in a heavy impact on human health. Therefore, new/cheap detection devices for VOCs are of high interest. Formaldehyde (FA) is a very toxic VOC, which damages the respiratory system even in the smallest doses and short exposure time. Zinc oxide (ZnO)/nickel oxide (NiO) heterostructures were synthesized using an economical route: firstly, NiO was prepared by liquid exfoliation technique and deposited by dip-coating on alumina ceramic transducers with two interdigital gold (Au) electrodes, followed by low-temperature hydrothermal growth of ZnO. The as-prepared sensors were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDAX), and X-Ray fluorescence (XRF). The response/recovery of ZnO/NiO heterostructure-based microsensors for formaldehyde was investigated at room temperature, in agreement with modern sensing requirements. The sensor operating voltage was varied between 1.5 and 5.0 V direct current (DC), to achieve the best sensor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Chelu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry - Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paul Chesler
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry - Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Anastasescu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry - Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Hornoiu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry - Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daiana Mitrea
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry - Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Atkinson
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry - Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Costin Brasoveanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, Platforma IPRS Baneasa, Strada Erou Iancu Nicolae 126A, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov Romania
| | - Carmen Moldovan
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, Platforma IPRS Baneasa, Strada Erou Iancu Nicolae 126A, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov Romania
| | - Gabriel Craciun
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, Platforma IPRS Baneasa, Strada Erou Iancu Nicolae 126A, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov Romania
| | - Marin Gheorghe
- NANOM MEMS SRL, Strada George Cosbuc 9, 505400 Rasnov, Brasov Romania
| | - Mariuca Gartner
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry - Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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8
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Synthesis and H2S-Sensing Properties of MOF-Derived Cu-Doped ZnO Nanocages. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152579. [PMID: 35957008 PMCID: PMC9370557 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived pure ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanocages were fabricated by calcining a zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-8) and Cu-doped ZIF-8. The morphology and crystal structure of the samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It was found that Cu doping did not change the crystal structures and morphologies of MOF-derived ZnO nanocages. The H2S-sensing properties of the sensors based on ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanocages were investigated. The results indicated that the H2S-sensing properties of MOF-derived ZnO nanocages were effectively improved by Cu doping, and the optimal doping content was 3 at%. Moreover, 3 at% Cu-doped ZnO nanocages showed the highest response of 4733 for 5 ppm H2S at 200 °C, and the detection limit could be as low as 20 ppb. The gas-sensing mechanism was also discussed.
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9
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Materials for Chemical Sensing: A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Advances and Outlook Using Ionic Liquids, Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and MOF-Based Composites. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10080290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure and monitor the concentration of specific chemical and/or gaseous species (i.e., “analytes”) is the main requirement in many fields, including industrial processes, medical applications, and workplace safety management. As a consequence, several kinds of sensors have been developed in the modern era according to some practical guidelines that regard the characteristics of the active (sensing) materials on which the sensor devices are based. These characteristics include the cost-effectiveness of the materials’ manufacturing, the sensitivity to analytes, the material stability, and the possibility of exploiting them for low-cost and portable devices. Consequently, many gas sensors employ well-defined transduction methods, the most popular being the oxidation (or reduction) of the analyte in an electrochemical reactor, optical techniques, and chemiresistive responses to gas adsorption. In recent years, many of the efforts devoted to improving these methods have been directed towards the use of certain classes of specific materials. In particular, ionic liquids have been employed as electrolytes of exceptional properties for the preparation of amperometric gas sensors, while metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as highly porous and reactive materials which can be employed, in pure form or as a component of MOF-based functional composites, as active materials of chemiresistive or optical sensors. Here, we report on the most recent developments relative to the use of these classes of materials in chemical sensing. We discuss the main features of these materials and the reasons why they are considered interesting in the field of chemical sensors. Subsequently, we review some of the technological and scientific results published in the span of the last six years that we consider among the most interesting and useful ones for expanding the awareness on future trends in chemical sensing. Finally, we discuss the prospects for the use of these materials and the factors involved in their possible use for new generations of sensor devices.
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10
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Garg N, Deep A, Sharma AL. Metal-organic frameworks based nanostructure platforms for chemo-resistive sensing of gases. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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White DL, Day BA, Zeng Z, Schulte ZM, Borland NR, Rosi NL, Wilmer CE, Star A. Size Discrimination of Carbohydrates via Conductive Carbon Nanotube@Metal Organic Framework Composites. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8022-8033. [PMID: 34003001 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Traditional chemical sensing methodologies have typically relied on the specific chemistry of the analyte for detection. Modifications to the local environment surrounding the sensor represent an alternative pathway to impart selective differentiation. Here, we present the hybridization of a 2-D metal organic framework (Cu3(HHTP)2) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as a methodology for size discrimination of carbohydrates. Synthesis and the resulting conductive performance are modulated by both mass loading of SWCNTs and their relative oxidation. Liquid gated field-effect transistor (FET) devices demonstrate improved on/off characteristics and differentiation of carbohydrates based on molecular size. Glucose molecule detection is limited to the single micromolar concentration range. Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculations on model systems revealed decreases in ion diffusivity in the presence of different sugars as well as packing differences based on the size of a given carbohydrate molecule. The proposed sensing mechanism is a reduction in gate capacitance initiated by the filling of the pores with carbohydrate molecules. Restricting diffusion around a sensor in combination with FET measurements represents a new type of sensing mechanism for chemically similar analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Brian A Day
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zidao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zachary M Schulte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Noah R Borland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Rosi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Christopher E Wilmer
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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12
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Ly NH, Kim HH, Joo S. On‐Site
Detection for Hazardous Materials in Chemical Accidents. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyễn Hoàng Ly
- Department of Chemistry Soongsil University Seoul 06978 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Hyun Kim
- Department of Integrated Environmental Systems Pyeongtaek University Pyeongtaek Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry Soongsil University Seoul 06978 Republic of Korea
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