Efficient and Straightforward Syntheses of Two United States Pharmacopeia Sitagliptin Impurities: 3-Desamino-2,3-dehydrositagliptin and 3-Desamino-3,4-dehydrositagliptin

Mechanism of molecular interaction of sitagliptin with human DPP4 enzyme - New Insights

PURPOSE

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inactivates a range of bioactive peptides. The cleavage of insulinotropic peptides and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) by DPP4 directly influences glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to describe the mode of interaction between sitagliptin (an antidiabetic drug) and human DPP4 using in silico approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Docking studies were conducted using AutoDock Vina, 2D and 3D schematic drawings were obtained using PoseView and PLIP servers, and the DPP4-sitagliptin complex was visualized with Pymol software.

RESULTS

The best affinity energy to form the DPP4-sitagliptin complex was E-value ​= ​- 8.1 ​kcal ​mol-1, as indicated by docking simulations. This result suggests a strong interaction. According to our observations, hydrophobic interactions involving the amino acids residues Tyr663 and Val712, hydrogen bonds (Glu203, Glu204, Tyr663, and Tyr667), π-Stacking interactions (Phe355 and Tyr667), and halogenic bonds (Arg123, Glu204, and Arg356) were prevalent in the DPP4-sitagliptin complex. Root Mean Square Deviation prediction also demonstrated that the global structure of the human DPP4 did not have a significant change in its topology, even after the formation of the DPP4-sitagliptin complex.

CONCLUSION

The stable interaction between the sitagliptin ligand and the DPP4 enzyme was demonstrated through molecular docking simulations. The findings presented in this work enhance the understanding of the physicochemical properties of the sitagliptin interaction site, supporting the design of more efficient gliptin-like iDPP4 inhibitors.

Applications of synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields

Synthetic biology aims to design or assemble existing bioparts or bio-components for useful bioproperties. During the past decades, progresses have been made to build delicate biocircuits, standardized biological building blocks and to develop various genomic/metabolic engineering tools and approaches. Medical and pharmaceutical demands have also pushed the development of synthetic biology, including integration of heterologous pathways into designer cells to efficiently produce medical agents, enhanced yields of natural products in cell growth media to equal or higher than that of the extracts from plants or fungi, constructions of novel genetic circuits for tumor targeting, controllable releases of therapeutic agents in response to specific biomarkers to fight diseases such as diabetes and cancers. Besides, new strategies are developed to treat complex immune diseases, infectious diseases and metabolic disorders that are hard to cure via traditional approaches. In general, synthetic biology brings new capabilities to medical and pharmaceutical researches. This review summarizes the timeline of synthetic biology developments, the past and present of synthetic biology for microbial productions of pharmaceutics, engineered cells equipped with synthetic DNA circuits for diagnosis and therapies, live and auto-assemblied biomaterials for medical treatments, cell-free synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields, and DNA engineering approaches with potentials for biomedical applications.

Efficient Synthesis of Potential Impurities in Levonadifloxacin (WCK 771)

Levonadifloxacin (WCK 771) is a novel broad-spectrum anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) agent recently launched in India. Five process impurities and one degradation impurity were synthesized as reference standards for their quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methodology in drug substance and drug product. These compounds are not easily commercially available. The synthesis and characterization of these impurities are discussed in detail.

Two methods for the preparation of sitagliptin phosphate via chemical resolution and asymmetric hydrogenation

Two effective processes have been developed for the preparation of sitagliptin phosphate.