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Roussakis E, Cascales JP, Yoeli D, Cralley A, Goss A, Wiatrowski A, Carvalho M, Moore HB, Moore EE, Huang CA, Evans CL. Versatile, in-line optical oxygen tension sensors for continuous monitoring during ex vivo kidney perfusion. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2024; 3:1014-1019. [PMID: 38882471 PMCID: PMC11170683 DOI: 10.1039/d3sd00240c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Integration of physiological sensing modalities within tissue and organ perfusion systems is becoming a steadily expanding field of research, aimed at achieving technological breakthrough innovations that will expand the sites and clinical settings at which such systems can be used. This is becoming possible in part due to the advancement of user-friendly optical sensors in recent years, which rely both on synthetic, luminescent sensor molecules and inexpensive, low-power electronic components for device engineering. In this article we report a novel approach towards enabling automated, continuous monitoring of oxygenation during ex vivo organ perfusion, by combining versatile flow cell components and low-power, programmable electronic readout devices. The sensing element comprises a 3D printed, miniature flow cell with tubing connectors and an affixed oxygen-sensing thin film material containing in-house developed, brightly-emitting metalloporphyrin phosphor molecules embedded within a polymer matrix. Proof-of-concept validation of this technology is demonstrated through integration within the tubing circuit of a transportable medical device for hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion of extracted kidneys as a model for organs to be preserved as transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Roussakis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Juan Pedro Cascales
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Dor Yoeli
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Alexis Cralley
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Avery Goss
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Anna Wiatrowski
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Maia Carvalho
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Hunter B Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Christene A Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
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2
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Witthauer L, Roussakis E, Cascales JP, Goss A, Li X, Cralley A, Yoeli D, Moore HB, Wang Z, Wang Y, Li B, Huang CA, Moore EE, Evans CL. Development and in-vivo validation of a portable phosphorescence lifetime-based fiber-optic oxygen sensor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14782. [PMID: 37679415 PMCID: PMC10484954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygenation is a crucial indicator of tissue viability and function. Oxygen tension ([Formula: see text]), i.e. the amount of molecular oxygen present in the tissue is a direct result of supply (perfusion) and consumption. Thus, measurement of [Formula: see text] is an effective method to monitor tissue viability. However, tissue oximetry sensors commonly used in clinical practice instead rely on measuring oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]), largely due to the lack of reliable, affordable [Formula: see text] sensing solutions. To address this issue we present a proof-of-concept design and validation of a low-cost, lifetime-based oxygen sensing fiber. The sensor consists of readily-available off-the shelf components such as a microcontroller, a light-emitting diode (LED), an avalanche photodiode (APD), a temperature sensor, as well as a bright in-house developed porphyrin molecule. The device was calibrated using a benchtop setup and evaluated in three in vivo animal models. Our findings show that the new device design in combination with the bright porphyrin has the potential to be a useful and accurate tool for measuring [Formula: see text] in tissue, while also highlighting some of the limitations and challenges of oxygen measurements in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Witthauer
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Roussakis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Cascales
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Avery Goss
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Alexis Cralley
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dor Yoeli
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hunter B Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christene A Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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3
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Cascales JP, Draghici AE, Keshishian H, Taylor JA, Evans CL. Calculation of Tissue Oxygenation via an Inverse Boundary Problem for Transcutaneous Oxygenation Wearable Applications. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:269-276. [PMID: 37600461 PMCID: PMC10436371 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a toolset to fully leverage a previously developed transcutaneous oxygenation monitor (TCOM) wearable technology to accurately measure skin oxygenation values. We describe numerical models and experimental characterization techniques that allow for the extraction of precise tissue oxygenation measurements. The numerical model is based on an inverse boundary problem of the parabolic equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions. To validate this model and characterize the diffusion of oxygen through the oxygen sensing materials, we designed a series of control/calibration experiments modeled after the device's clinical application using oxygenation values in the physiological range expected for healthy tissue. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain accurate tissue pO2 measurements without the need for long equilibration times with a small wearable device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Cascales
- Wellman
Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Adina E. Draghici
- Cardiovascular
Research Lab, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Helen Keshishian
- Wellman
Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - J. Andrew Taylor
- Cardiovascular
Research Lab, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Conor L. Evans
- Wellman
Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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4
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Arora S, Nagpal R, Gusain M, Singh B, Pan Y, Yadav D, Ahmed I, Kumar V, Parshad B. Organic-Inorganic Porphyrinoid Frameworks for Biomolecule Sensing. ACS Sens 2023; 8:443-464. [PMID: 36683281 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrinoids and their analogous compounds play an important role in biosensing applications on account of their unique and versatile catalytic, coordination, photophysical, and electrochemical properties. Their remarkable arrays of properties can be finely tuned by synthetically modifying the porphyrinoid ring and varying the various structural parameters such as peripheral functionalization, metal coordination, and covalent or physical conjugation with other organic or inorganic scaffolds such as nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, and polymers. Porphyrinoids and their organic-inorganic conjugates are not only used as responsive materials but also utilized for the immobilization and embedding of biomolecules for applications in wearable devices, fast sensing devices, and other functional materials. The present review delineates the impact of different porphyrinoid conjugates on their physicochemical properties and their specificity as biosensors in a range of applications. The newest porphyrinoid types and their synthesis, modification, and functionalization are presented along with their advantages and performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Arora
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ritika Nagpal
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Delhi-NCR, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Meenakshi Gusain
- Centre of Micro-Nano System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuanwei Pan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Deepak Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Gurugram University, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India
| | - Badri Parshad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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Müller M, Cascales JP, Marks HL, Wang-Evers M, Manstein D, Evans CL. Phosphorescent Microneedle Array for the Measurement of Oxygen Partial Pressure in Tissue. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3440-3449. [PMID: 36305608 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the exact oxygen partial pressure in tissue is crucial for patient care and in the treatment of ischemic medical conditions. However, current methods to assess oxygen partial pressure in tissue suffer from a variety of disadvantages, including complex equipment and procedures that necessitate trained personnel. Additionally, the barrier function of the stratum corneum reduces oxygen exchange and can consequently hamper surface measurements of rapidly changing oxygen partial pressure in tissue. To overcome these challenges, a novel, easy-to-use technique to monitor the oxygen partial pressure in tissue using microneedle arrays (MNAs) has been developed. The MNAs can be made from poly(ethyl methacrylate) and poly(propyl methacrylate) and overcome the skin's barrier function to measure oxygen in the capillary bed and interstitial fluid of the skin. The MNAs' tips are embedded with an oxygen-sensitive phosphorescent metalloporphyrin, where the oxygen partial pressure inversely correlates to changes in both emission intensity and phosphorescence lifetime of the in-house developed red emitting Pt-core porphyrin. It was demonstrated that the oxygen-sensing MNAs are sufficiently robust to puncture human skin via rupture of the stratum corneum, and that the MNAs can detect changes in oxygen partial pressure in skin within the physiologically relevant range (0-160 mmHg). Additionally, the MNAs can be combined with a wearable wireless optical readout system, making these oxygen-sensing MNAs a novel wearable and portable method for user-friendly monitoring of oxygen partial pressure in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02129, United States
| | - Juan Pedro Cascales
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02129, United States
| | - Haley L Marks
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02129, United States
| | - Michael Wang-Evers
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02129, United States
| | - Dieter Manstein
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02129, United States
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts02129, United States
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6
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A Patient-Ready Wearable Transcutaneous CO2 Sensor. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050333. [PMID: 35624634 PMCID: PMC9138690 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Continuously monitoring transcutaneous CO2 partial pressure is of crucial importance in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory and cardiac diseases. Despite significant progress in the development of CO2 sensors, their implementation as portable or wearable devices for real-time monitoring remains under-explored. Here, we report on the creation of a wearable prototype device for transcutaneous CO2 monitoring based on quantifying the fluorescence of a highly breathable CO2-sensing film. The developed materials are based on a fluorescent pH indicator (8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt or HPTS) embedded into hydrophobic polymer matrices. The film’s fluorescence is highly sensitive to changes in CO2 partial pressure in the physiological range, as well as photostable and insensitive to humidity. The device and medical-grade films are based on our prior work on transcutaneous oxygen-sensing technology, which has been extensively validated clinically.
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Marks HL, Cook K, Roussakis E, Cascales JP, Korunes‐Miller JT, Grinstaff MW, Evans CL. Quantitative Luminescence Photography of a Swellable Hydrogel Dressing with a Traffic-Light Response to Oxygen. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101605. [PMID: 35120400 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensor-integrated wound dressings are emerging tools applicable to a wide variety of medical applications from emergency triage to at-home monitoring. Uncomfortable, unnecessary wound dressing changes may be avoided by providing quantitative insight into tissue characteristics related to wound healing such as tissue oxygenation, pH, and exudate/transudate volume. Here, a simple cost-effective methodology for quantifying oxygen and pH in a swellable hydrogel dressing using a single photograph is presented. The red and green luminescence of a novel dendritic polyamine Pt-porphyrin and fluorescein conjugate quantitatively responds to oxygen and pH, respectively, and enables robust sensing. The porphyrin conjugate, when combined with a four-arm star polyethylene glycol (PEG) amine polymer, rapidly crosslinks at room temperature with an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-PEG crosslinker to form a color-changing hydrogel dressing with tunable swelling capabilities applicable to a variety of wound environments. An inexpensive digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera modified with bandpass filters captures the hydrogel luminescence using simple macroscopic photography, and conversion to HSB colorspace allows for intensity-independent image analysis of the hydrogels' dual modality response. The hydrogel formulation exhibits a robust and validated visible red-orange-green "traffic light" spectrum in response to oxygen changes, regardless of swelling state, pH, or autofluorescence from skin, thereby enabling the clinician friendly naked-eye feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L. Marks
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Katherine Cook
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Emmanuel Roussakis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Juan Pedro Cascales
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02129 USA
| | | | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Conor L. Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02129 USA
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