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Al-Tamimi M, El-sallaq M, Altarawneh S, Qaqish A, Ayoub M. Development of Novel Paper-Based Assay for Direct Serum Separation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20370-20378. [PMID: 37332822 PMCID: PMC10268636 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: Many conventional laboratory tests require serum separation using a clot activator/gel tube, followed by centrifugation in an equipped laboratory. The aim of this study is development of novel, equipment-free, paper-based assay for direct and efficient serum separation. Methods: Fresh blood was directly applied to wax-channeled filter paper treated with clotting activator/s and then observed for serum separation. The purity, efficiency, recovery, reproducibility, and applicability of the assay were validated after optimization. Results: Serum was successfully separated using activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) reagent and calcium chloride-treated wax-channeled filter paper within 2 min. The assay was optimized using different coagulation activators, paper types, blood collection methods, and incubation conditions. Confirmation of serum separation from cellular components was achieved by direct visualization of the yellow serum band, microscopic imaging of the pure serum band, and absence of blood cells in recovered serum samples. Successful clotting was evaluated by the absence of clotting of recovered serum by prolonged prothrombin time and APTT, absence of fibrin degradation products, and absence of Staphylococcus aureus-induced coagulation. Absence of hemolysis was confirmed by undetectable hemoglobin from recovered serum bands. The applicability of serum separated in paper was tested directly by positive color change on paper using bicinchoninic acid protein reagent, on recovered serum samples treated with Biuret and Bradford reagents in tubes, or measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone and urea compared to standard serum samples. Serum was separated using the paper-based assay from 40 voluntary donors and from the same donor for 15 days to confirm reproducibility. Dryness of coagulants in paper prevents serum separation that can be re-stored by a re-wetting step. Conclusions: Paper-based serum separation allows for development of sample-to-answer paper-based point-of-care tests or simple and direct blood sampling for routine diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al-Tamimi
- Department
of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Mariam El-sallaq
- Department
of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Shahed Altarawneh
- Department
of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Arwa Qaqish
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Mai Ayoub
- Department
of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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2
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Khan M, Zhao B, Wu W, Zhao M, Bi Y, Hu Q. Distance-based microfluidic assays for instrument-free visual point-of-care testing. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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Ban Q, Zhang Y, Li Y, Cao D, Ye W, Zhan L, Wang D, Wang X. A point-of-care microfluidic channel-based device for rapid and direct detection of fibrinogen in whole blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2714-2725. [PMID: 35748483 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in civilian and battlefield traumatic injuries. Patients with severe traumatic hemorrhagic shock are more likely to be deficient in fibrinogen than those with other coagulation factors, and hypofibrinogenemia is an independent risk factor for mortality. Thus, rapid detection of fibrinogen levels is of great importance in these patients during damage control resuscitation. Plasma is used as an analyte in fibrinogen detection, which restricts the use of existing devices in emergencies. To meet the needs of on-site detection, we developed a point-of-care microfluidic channel-based device for direct measurement of fibrinogen concentration in whole blood. In our method, thrombin is dispersed on a reaction strip to initiate conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The permeability of the resulting blood clots depends on the fibrinogen level. A hydrophobic plastic protection flake between the reaction strip and a wicking strip is then removed to allow flow of unclotted blood. The rate of blood flow along the wicking strip was inversely related to the fibrinogen concentration. The whole process could be completed in as fast as 5 minutes for a whole blood sample size of 150 μL, and yielded accurate results ranging from 0 to 4 g L-1, which were unaffected by Ca2+, blood lipids, hematocrit, warfarin and tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs). Results using clinical whole blood samples were also highly consistent with those using an automatic coagulation analyzer, yielding a Pearson correlation coefficient of up to 0.919. This approach has potential for allowing rapid diagnosis of fibrinogen concentration in critically ill bleeding patients in different settings, thus helping to judge the suitability of fibrinogen replacement therapy (FRT) in cases of emergency bleeding and in patients at risk of thrombosis due to hyperfibrinogenemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinan Ban
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Daye Cao
- Anbio (Xiamen) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361028, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Ye
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Linsheng Zhan
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Daming Wang
- Anbio (Xiamen) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361028, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (SIBET), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215163, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
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Laha S, Bandopadhyay A, Chakraborty S. Smartphone-Integrated Label-Free Rapid Screening of Anemia from the Pattern Formed by One Drop of Blood on a Wet Paper Strip. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2028-2036. [PMID: 35802863 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screening of anemic patients poses demanding challenges in extreme point-of-care settings where the gold standard diagnostic technologies are not pragmatic and the alternative point-of-care technologies suffer from compromised accuracy, prohibitive cost, process complexity, or reagent stability issues. As a disruption to this paradigm, here, we report the development of a smartphone-based sensor for rapid screening of anemic patients by exploiting the patterns formed by a spreading drop of blood on a wet paper strip wherein blood attempts to displace a more viscous fluid, on the porous matrix of a paper, leading to "finger-like" projections at the interface. We analyze the topological features of the pattern via smartphone-enabled image analytics and map the same with the relative occupancy of the red blood cells in the blood sample, allowing for label-free screening and classification of blood samples corresponding to moderate to severe anemic conditions. The accuracy of detection is verified by comparing with gold standard reports of hematology analyzer, showing a strong correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.975. This technique is likely to provide a crucial decision-making tool that obviates delicate reagents and skilled technicians for supreme functionality in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampad Laha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Aditya Bandopadhyay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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5
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Zhao M, Luo L, Guo Y, Zhao B, Chen X, Shi X, Khan M, Lin JM, Hu Q. Viscosity-Based Flow Sensor on Paper for Quantitative and Label-Free Detection of α-Amylase and Its Inhibitor. ACS Sens 2022; 7:593-600. [PMID: 35050602 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylase (AMS) in human serum is a critical biomarker for the early diagnosis of pancreatic damage. In addition, the inhibition of α-amylase has long been thought to decrease the occurrence of diabetes. Thus, it is critical to construct a facile and convenient method for the determination of AMS and its inhibitor. In this study, we demonstrate a novel amylase sensor based on translating the viscosity change of the aqueous solution into the difference of the water diffusion length on a pH paper strip. AMS can be quantitatively detected by measuring the viscosity change of the amylopectin solution in the presence of AMS with different concentrations. The paper-based AMS sensor has a very high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.017 U/mL and also shows excellent specificity. In addition, the inhibitory effect of acarbose on AMS is demonstrated with the IC50 value determined to be 21.66 ± 1.13 μg/mL. Furthermore, it is also evaluated for the detection of AMS in human serum samples of healthy people and acute pancreatitis patients. The difference in amylase levels between the two groups is unambiguously distinguished. Overall, this study provides a very simple, cost-effective, equipment-free, high-throughput, and label-free method for rapid and quantitative detection of α-amylase and may have significant applications in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and the screening of AMS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Limei Luo
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yongxian Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Binglu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xingang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Mashooq Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiongzheng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
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6
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Saidykhan J, Selevic L, Cinti S, May JE, Killard AJ. Paper-Based Lateral Flow Device for the Sustainable Measurement of Human Plasma Fibrinogen in Low-Resource Settings. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14007-14013. [PMID: 34615344 PMCID: PMC8529579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Fibrinogen
concentration is a major determinant of both clotting
and bleeding risk. Clotting and bleeding disorders cause extensive
morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-poor and emergency
settings. This is exacerbated by a lack of timely intervention informed
by measurement of fibrinogen levels under conditions such as thrombosis
or postpartum haemorrhage. There is an absence of simple, rapid, low-cost,
and sustainable diagnostic devices for fibrinogen measurement that
can be deployed in such environments. Paper-based analytical devices
are of significant interest due to their potential for low-cost production,
ease of use, and environmental sustainability. In this work, a device
for measuring blood plasma fibrinogen using chromatography paper was
developed. Wax printing was used to create hydrophobic structures
to define the test channel and sample application zone. Test strips
were modified with bovine thrombin. Plasma samples (22 μL) were
applied, and the flow rate was monitored over 5 min. As the sample
traversed the strip, clotting was induced by the conversion of soluble
fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. The flow rate and distance travelled
by the sample were dependent on fibrinogen concentration. The device
was able to measure fibrinogen concentration in the range of 0.5–7.0
± 0.3 mg/mL (p < 0.05, n = 24) and had excellent correlation with laboratory coagulometry
in artificial samples (r2 = 0.9582, n = 60). Devices were also stable at 4–6 °C
for up to 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerro Saidykhan
- Centre for Research in Biosciences (CRIB), Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldhar-bour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
| | - Laura Selevic
- Centre for Research in Biosciences (CRIB), Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldhar-bour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Jennifer E May
- Centre for Research in Biosciences (CRIB), Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldhar-bour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
| | - Anthony J Killard
- Centre for Research in Biosciences (CRIB), Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldhar-bour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
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Ping J, Wu W, Qi L, Liu J, Liu J, Zhao B, Wang Q, Yu L, Lin JM, Hu Q. Hydrogel-assisted paper-based lateral flow sensor for the detection of trypsin in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113548. [PMID: 34385014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The detection of trypsin and its inhibitor is significantly important for both clinical diagnosis and disease treatment. Herein, we demonstrate a hydrogel-assisted paper-based lateral flow sensor for the detection of trypsin and its inhibitor for the first time. The gelatin hydrogel is hydrolyzed based on the gel-to-sol transition in the presence of trypsin, which results in the release of the trapped water molecules in the gelatin hydrogel. By placing one end of a pH indicator strip onto the hydrolyzed gelatin hydrogel, water is flowing along the pH indicator strip. However, in the absence of trypsin, water cannot flow along the pH indicator strip as the water molecules are trapped in the gelatin hydrogel. The detection limit of the system reaches as low as 1.0 × 10-6 mg/mL, and it is also applied to the quantitative detection of trypsin in human serum. In addition, the detection of a clinical drug aprotinin that is an inhibitor of trypsin is also successfully achieved. Noteworthy, only the gelatin hydrogel, pH indicator strip, and PS substrate are needed to fulfill the detection of trypsin without the need of other chemicals or reagents. Overall, we develop a particularly simple, elegant, robust, competitive, high-throughput, and low-cost approach for the rapid and label-free detection of trypsin and its inhibitor, which is very promising in the development of commercial products for sensing, diagnostic, and pharmaceutical applications. Besides, the hydrogel-assisted paper-based lateral flow sensor can also be employed to detect other analytes of interest by use of different stimuli-responsive hydrogel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Ping
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenli Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lubin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Binglu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiongzheng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
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8
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Browne C, Garnier G, Batchelor W. Moulding of micropatterned nanocellulose films and their application in fluid handling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:162-172. [PMID: 33360889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Well-controlled micropatterned nanocellulose films are able to be fabricated via spray coating onto a micropatterned impermeable moulded surface. The micropattern size is able control the directionality of wicking fluid flow. EXPERIMENTS Using photolithography and etching techniques, silicon moulds with channel widths of 5-500 µm and depths of 6, 12 and 18 µm were fabricated. Micropatterned nanocellulose sheets were formed by spray coating nanofibre suspensions onto the moulds. We also investigate the effect the dimensions of these micropatterned nanocellulose films have on wicking fluids. FINDINGS Micropatterns were imparted on the surface of nanocellulose films which resulted in three well-defined regimes of conformation with the moulds: full, partial and no conformation. These regimes were driven by the aspect ratio (channel depth/width) of the moulds. Achieved channel widths and depths were compared to those possible with other micropattern fabrication techniques. The directionality of the wicking water droplets can be controlled with the micropatterned channel. Channels within the full conformation regime resulted in increased directionality of fluid flow compared with those not within this regime. This research demonstrates the industrially scalable process of spray coating has potential to serve as the foundation for a new generation of paper-based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Browne
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Warren Batchelor
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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