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Rauseo D, Contreras-Baeza Y, Faurand H, Cárcamo N, Suárez R, von Faber-Castell A, Silva F, Mora-González V, Wyss MT, Baeza-Lehnert F, Ruminot I, Alvarez-Navarro C, Martín AS, Weber B, Sandoval PY, Barros LF. Lactate-carried Mitochondrial Energy Overflow. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.19.604361. [PMID: 39071354 PMCID: PMC11275747 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.19.604361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
We addressed the question of mitochondrial lactate metabolism using genetically-encoded sensors. The organelle was found to contain a dynamic lactate pool that leads to dose- and time-dependent protein lactylation. In neurons, mitochondrial lactate reported blood lactate levels with high fidelity. The exchange of lactate across the inner mitochondrial membrane was found to be mediated by a high affinity H + -coupled transport system involving the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier MPC. Assessment of electron transport chain activity and determination of lactate flux showed that mitochondria are tonic lactate producers, a phenomenon driven by energization and stimulated by hypoxia. We conclude that an overflow mechanism caps the redox level of mitochondria, while saving energy in the form of lactate. One Sentence Summary Mitochondrial lactate production.
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2
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Kane BJ, Okuda‐Shimazaki J, Andrews MM, Kerrigan JA, Murphy KV, Sode K. Discovery of periplasmic solute binding proteins with specificity for ketone bodies: β-hydroxybutyrate binding proteins. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5025. [PMID: 38864689 PMCID: PMC11167705 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are a class of biodegradable, thermoplastic polymers which represent a major carbon source for various bacteria. Proteins which mediate the translocation of polyhydroxyalkanoate breakdown products, such as β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)-a ketone body which in humans serves as an important biomarker, have not been well characterized. In our investigation to screen a solute-binding protein (SBP) which can act as a suitable recognition element for BHB, we uncovered insights at the intersection of bacterial metabolism and diagnostics. Herein, we identify SBPs associated with putative ATP-binding cassette transporters that specifically recognize BHB, with the potential to serve as recognition elements for continuous quantification of this analyte. Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified candidate SBPs from known metabolizers of polyhydroxybutyrate-including proteins from Cupriavidus necator, Ensifer meliloti, Paucimonas lemoignei, and Thermus thermophilus. After recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, we demonstrated with intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy that four candidate proteins interacted with BHB, ranging from nanomolar to micromolar affinity. Tt.2, an intrinsically thermostable protein from Thermus thermophilus, was observed to have the tightest binding and specificity for BHB, which was confirmed by isothermal calorimetry. Structural analyses facilitated by AlphaFold2, along with molecular docking and dynamics simulations, were used to hypothesize key residues in the binding pocket and to model the conformational dynamics of substrate unbinding. Overall, this study provides strong evidence identifying the cognate ligands of SBPs which we hypothesize to be involved in prokaryotic cellular translocation of polyhydroxyalkanoate breakdown products, while highlighting these proteins' promising biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant J. Kane
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Junko Okuda‐Shimazaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Madelyn M. Andrews
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Joseph A. Kerrigan
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kyle V. Murphy
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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3
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Wang A, Zou Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Li T, Zhang L, Wang R, Xia Y, Li X, Zhang Z, Liu T, Ju Z, Wang R, Loscalzo J, Yang Y, Zhao Y. Comprehensive multiscale analysis of lactate metabolic dynamics in vitro and in vivo using highly responsive biosensors. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:1311-1347. [PMID: 38307980 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
As a key glycolytic metabolite, lactate has a central role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. However, comprehensive multiscale analysis of lactate metabolic dynamics in vitro and in vivo has remained an unsolved problem until now owing to the lack of a high-performance tool. We recently developed a series of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for lactate, named FiLa, which illuminate lactate metabolism in cells, subcellular organelles, animals, and human serum and urine. In this protocol, we first describe the FiLa sensor-based strategies for real-time subcellular bioenergetic flux analysis by profiling the lactate metabolic response to different nutritional and pharmacological conditions, which provides a systematic-level view of cellular metabolic function at the subcellular scale for the first time. We also report detailed procedures for imaging lactate dynamics in live mice through a cell microcapsule system or recombinant adeno-associated virus and for the rapid and simple assay of lactate in human body fluids. This comprehensive multiscale metabolic analysis strategy may also be applied to other metabolite biosensors using various analytic platforms, further expanding its usability. The protocol is suited for users with expertise in biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology. Typically, the preparation of FiLa-expressing cells or mice takes 2 days to 4 weeks, and live-cell and in vivo imaging can be performed within 1-2 hours. For the FiLa-based assay of body fluids, the whole measuring procedure generally takes ~1 min for one sample in a manual assay or ~3 min for 96 samples in an automatic microplate assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxue Wang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yejun Zou
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuning Liu
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuze Zhang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Li
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruwen Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yale Xia
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xie Li
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiemin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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4
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Hario S, Le GNT, Sugimoto H, Takahashi-Yamashiro K, Nishinami S, Toda H, Li S, Marvin JS, Kuroda S, Drobizhev M, Terai T, Nasu Y, Campbell RE. High-Performance Genetically Encoded Green Fluorescent Biosensors for Intracellular l-Lactate. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:402-416. [PMID: 38435524 PMCID: PMC10906044 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
l-Lactate is a monocarboxylate produced during the process of cellular glycolysis and has long generally been considered a waste product. However, studies in recent decades have provided new perspectives on the physiological roles of l-lactate as a major energy substrate and a signaling molecule. To enable further investigations of the physiological roles of l-lactate, we have developed a series of high-performance (ΔF/F = 15 to 30 in vitro), intensiometric, genetically encoded green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based intracellular l-lactate biosensors with a range of affinities. We evaluated these biosensors in cultured cells and demonstrated their application in an ex vivo preparation of Drosophila brain tissue. Using these biosensors, we were able to detect glycolytic oscillations, which we analyzed and mathematically modeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Hario
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Giang N. T. Le
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi-Yamashiro
- Department
of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Suguru Nishinami
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Toda
- International
Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Selene Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jonathan S. Marvin
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Shinya Kuroda
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mikhail Drobizhev
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Takuya Terai
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nasu
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- PRESTO,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- CERVO
Brain Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology,
and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
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5
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Nasu Y, Aggarwal A, Le GNT, Vo CT, Kambe Y, Wang X, Beinlich FRM, Lee AB, Ram TR, Wang F, Gorzo KA, Kamijo Y, Boisvert M, Nishinami S, Kawamura G, Ozawa T, Toda H, Gordon GR, Ge S, Hirase H, Nedergaard M, Paquet ME, Drobizhev M, Podgorski K, Campbell RE. Lactate biosensors for spectrally and spatially multiplexed fluorescence imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6598. [PMID: 37891202 PMCID: PMC10611801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Lactate is increasingly appreciated as a key metabolite and signaling molecule in mammals. However, investigations of the inter- and intra-cellular dynamics of L-lactate are currently hampered by the limited selection and performance of L-lactate-specific genetically encoded biosensors. Here we now report a spectrally and functionally orthogonal pair of high-performance genetically encoded biosensors: a green fluorescent extracellular L-lactate biosensor, designated eLACCO2.1, and a red fluorescent intracellular L-lactate biosensor, designated R-iLACCO1. eLACCO2.1 exhibits excellent membrane localization and robust fluorescence response. To the best of our knowledge, R-iLACCO1 and its affinity variants exhibit larger fluorescence responses than any previously reported intracellular L-lactate biosensor. We demonstrate spectrally and spatially multiplexed imaging of L-lactate dynamics by coexpression of eLACCO2.1 and R-iLACCO1 in cultured cells, and in vivo imaging of extracellular and intracellular L-lactate dynamics in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nasu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan.
| | - Abhi Aggarwal
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Giang N T Le
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Camilla Trang Vo
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Xinxing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Felix R M Beinlich
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Ashley Bomin Lee
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Tina R Ram
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Fangying Wang
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kelsea A Gorzo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yuki Kamijo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Marc Boisvert
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Québec, QC, G1E 1T2, Canada
| | - Suguru Nishinami
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Genki Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Toda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Grant R Gordon
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Hajime Hirase
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Paquet
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Québec, QC, G1E 1T2, Canada
| | - Mikhail Drobizhev
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Kaspar Podgorski
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Québec, QC, G1E 1T2, Canada.
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6
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Barros LF, Ruminot I, Sandoval PY, San Martín A. Enlightening brain energy metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106211. [PMID: 37352985 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue metabolism is distributed across several cell types and subcellular compartments, which activate at different times and with different temporal patterns. The introduction of genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators that are imaged using time-lapse microscopy has opened the possibility of studying brain metabolism at cellular and sub-cellular levels. There are indicators for sugars, monocarboxylates, Krebs cycle intermediates, amino acids, cofactors, and energy nucleotides, which inform about relative levels, concentrations and fluxes. This review offers a brief survey of the metabolic indicators that have been validated in brain cells, with some illustrative examples from the literature. Whereas only a small fraction of the metabolome is currently accessible to fluorescent probes, there are grounds to be optimistic about coming developments and the application of these tools to the study of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - I Ruminot
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - P Y Sandoval
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A San Martín
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
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7
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Abstract
Lactate has emerged as a central metabolic fuel and an important signaling molecule. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Li et al. develop a high-quality lactate sensor, allowing them to monitor lactate levels in cells, subcellular organelles, live mice, and human body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hui-Wang Ai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; The UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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