Integrated Approach from Sample-to-Answer for Grapevine Varietal Identification on a Portable Graphene Sensor Chip

The Roadmap of 2D Materials and Devices Toward Chips

Due to the constraints imposed by physical effects and performance degradation, silicon-based chip technology is facing certain limitations in sustaining the advancement of Moore's law. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as highly promising candidates for the post-Moore era, offering significant potential in domains such as integrated circuits and next-generation computing. Here, in this review, the progress of 2D semiconductors in process engineering and various electronic applications are summarized. A careful introduction of material synthesis, transistor engineering focused on device configuration, dielectric engineering, contact engineering, and material integration are given first. Then 2D transistors for certain electronic applications including digital and analog circuits, heterogeneous integration chips, and sensing circuits are discussed. Moreover, several promising applications (artificial intelligence chips and quantum chips) based on specific mechanism devices are introduced. Finally, the challenges for 2D materials encountered in achieving circuit-level or system-level applications are analyzed, and potential development pathways or roadmaps are further speculated and outlooked.

Double-Stranded DNA Immobilized in Lying-Flat and Upright Orientation on a PNIPAm-Coated Surface: A Theoretical Study

Surface-immobilized double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in upright orientation plays an important role in optimizing and understanding DNA-based nanosensors and nanodevices. However, it is difficult to regulate the surface density of upright DNA due to the fact that DNA usually stands vertically at a high packing density but may lie down at a low packing density. We herein report dsDNA immobilized in upright orientation on a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)-coated surface in theory. The theoretical results reveal that the angle of upright DNA relative to the surface is larger than that of DNA immobilized on the bare surface caused by the lying-flat DNA under proper PNIPAm surface coverage at 45 °C. The surface density of upright DNA is significantly influenced by DNA concentration and DNA length. It is envisioned that the density-regulated DNA molecules immobilized in upright orientation in the present work are well suited to bottom-up construction of complex DNA-based nanostructures and nanodevices.