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Vila-Andrés R, Esteve-Taboada JJ, Micó V. Soft Contact Lens Engraving Characterization by Wavefront Holoscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3492. [PMID: 38894283 PMCID: PMC11174835 DOI: 10.3390/s24113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Permanent engravings on contact lenses provide information about the manufacturing process and lens positioning when they are placed on the eye. The inspection of their morphological characteristics is important, since they can affect the user's comfort and deposit adhesion. Therefore, an inverted wavefront holoscope (a lensless microscope based on Gabor's principle of in-line digital holography) is explored for the characterization of the permanent marks of soft contact lenses. The device, based on an in-line transmission configuration, uses a partially coherent laser source to illuminate the soft contact lens placed in a cuvette filled with a saline solution for lens preservation. Holograms were recorded on a digital sensor and reconstructed by back propagation to the image plane based on the angular spectrum method. In addition, a phase-retrieval algorithm was used to enhance the quality of the recovered images. The instrument was experimentally validated through a calibration process in terms of spatial resolution and thickness estimation, showing values that perfectly agree with those that were theoretically expected. Finally, phase maps of different engravings for three commercial soft contact lenses were successfully reconstructed, validating the inverted wavefront holoscope as a potential instrument for the characterization of the permanent marks of soft contact lenses. To improve the final image quality of reconstructions, the geometry of lenses should be considered to avoid induced aberration effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicente Micó
- Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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2
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Li X, Chen W, Li H, Shen B, He J, Gao H, Bin F, Li H, Xiao D. Temperature Self-Compensating Intelligent Wireless Measuring Contact Lens for Quantitative Intraocular Pressure Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:22522-22531. [PMID: 38651323 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Flexible bioelectronic devices that can perform real-time and accurate intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring in both clinical and home settings hold significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, yet they face challenges due to the open physiological environment of the ocular. Herein, we develop an intelligent wireless measuring contact lens (WMCL) incorporating a dual inductor-capacitor-resistor (LCR) resonant system to achieve temperature self-compensation for quantitative IOP monitoring in different application environments. The WMCL utilizes a compact circuitry design, which enables the integration of low-frequency and high-frequency resonators within a single layer of a sensing circuit without causing visual impairment. Mechanically guided microscale 3D encapsulation strategy combined with flexible circuit printing techniques achieves the surface-adaptive fabrication of the WMCL. The specific design of frequency separation imparts distinct temperature response characteristics to the dual resonators, and the linear combination of the dual resonators can eliminate the impact of temperature variations on measurement accuracy. The WMCL demonstrates outstanding sensitivity and linearity in monitoring the IOP of porcine eyes in vitro while maintaining satisfactory measurement accuracy even with internal temperature variations exceeding 10 °C. Overcoming the impact of temperature variations on IOP monitoring from the system level, the WMCL showcases immense potential as the next generation of all-weather IOP monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Biwen Shen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiangang He
- Avic Chengdu Aircraft Design & Research Institute, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huanlin Gao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fengjiao Bin
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dengbao Xiao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Shao X, Chen Z, Yu J, Lu F, Chen S, Xu J, Yao Y, Liu B, Yang P, Jiang Q, Hu B. Ultralow-cost piezoelectric sensor constructed by thermal compression bonding for long-term biomechanical signal monitoring in chronic mental disorders. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2974-2982. [PMID: 38258372 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Wearable bioelectronic devices, which circumvent issues related to the large size and high cost of clinical equipment, have emerged as powerful tools for the auxiliary diagnosis and long-term monitoring of chronic psychiatric diseases. Current devices often integrate multiple intricate and expensive devices to ensure accurate diagnosis. However, their high cost and complexity hinder widespread clinical application and long-term user compliance. Herein, we developed an ultralow-cost poly(vinylidene fluoride)/zinc oxide nanofiber film-based piezoelectric sensor in a thermal compression bonding process. Our piezoelectric sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivity (13.4 mV N-1), rapid response (8 ms), and exceptional stability over 2000 compression/release cycles, all at a negligibly low fabrication cost. We demonstrate that pulse wave, blink, and speech signals can be acquired by the sensor, proposing a single biomechanical modality to monitor multiple physiological traits associated with bipolar disorder. This ultralow-cost and mass-producible piezoelectric sensor paves the way for extensive long-term monitoring and immediate feedback for bipolar disorder management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Shao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Zenan Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Junxiao Yu
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213161, China
| | - Fangzhou Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shisheng Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jingfeng Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yihao Yao
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Materials and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Benhui Hu
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
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Shean R, Yu N, Guntipally S, Nguyen V, He X, Duan S, Gokoffski K, Zhu Y, Xu B. Advances and Challenges in Wearable Glaucoma Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:138. [PMID: 38391624 PMCID: PMC10886103 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing vision loss. This review aims to provide an overview of current diagnostic and treatment standards, recent medical and technological advances, and current challenges and future outlook for wearable glaucoma diagnostics and therapeutics. Conventional diagnostic techniques, including the rebound tonometer and Goldmann Applanation Tonometer, provide reliable intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement data at single-interval visits. The Sensimed Triggerfish and other emerging contact lenses provide continuous IOP tracking, which can improve diagnostic IOP monitoring for glaucoma. Conventional therapeutic techniques include eye drops and laser therapies, while emerging drug-eluting contact lenses can solve patient noncompliance with eye medications. Theranostic platforms combine diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities into a single device. Advantages of these platforms include real-time monitoring and personalized medication dosing. While there are many challenges to the development of wearable glaucoma diagnostics and therapeutics, wearable technologies hold great potential for enhancing glaucoma management by providing continuous monitoring, improving medication adherence, and reducing the disease burden on patients and healthcare systems. Further research and development of these technologies will be essential to optimizing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Shean
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sourish Guntipally
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, 21100 Erwin Street, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Van Nguyen
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ximin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sidi Duan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kimberly Gokoffski
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, 21100 Erwin Street, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Benjamin Xu
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Le CV, Yoon H. Advances in the Use of Conducting Polymers for Healthcare Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1564. [PMID: 38338846 PMCID: PMC10855550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are an innovative class of materials recognized for their high flexibility and biocompatibility, making them an ideal choice for health monitoring applications that require flexibility. They are active in their design. Advances in fabrication technology allow the incorporation of CPs at various levels, by combining diverse CPs monomers with metal particles, 2D materials, carbon nanomaterials, and copolymers through the process of polymerization and mixing. This method produces materials with unique physicochemical properties and is highly customizable. In particular, the development of CPs with expanded surface area and high conductivity has significantly improved the performance of the sensors, providing high sensitivity and flexibility and expanding the range of available options. However, due to the morphological diversity of new materials and thus the variety of characteristics that can be synthesized by combining CPs and other types of functionalities, choosing the right combination for a sensor application is difficult but becomes important. This review focuses on classifying the role of CP and highlights recent advances in sensor design, especially in the field of healthcare monitoring. It also synthesizes the sensing mechanisms and evaluates the performance of CPs on electrochemical surfaces and in the sensor design. Furthermore, the applications that can be revolutionized by CPs will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Van Le
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Wu KY, Mina M, Carbonneau M, Marchand M, Tran SD. Advancements in Wearable and Implantable Intraocular Pressure Biosensors for Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1915. [PMID: 37893352 PMCID: PMC10609220 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma, marked by its intricate association with intraocular pressure (IOP), stands as a predominant cause of non-reversible vision loss. In this review, the physiological relevance of IOP is detailed, alongside its potential pathological consequences. The review further delves into innovative engineering solutions for IOP monitoring, highlighting the latest advancements in wearable and implantable sensors and their potential in enhancing glaucoma management. These technological innovations are interwoven with clinical practice, underscoring their real-world applications, patient-centered strategies, and the prospects for future development in IOP control. By synthesizing theoretical concepts, technological innovations, and practical clinical insights, this review contributes a cohesive and comprehensive perspective on the IOP biosensor's role in glaucoma, serving as a reference for ophthalmological researchers, clinicians, and professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Mina Mina
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marjorie Carbonneau
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Michael Marchand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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